试析我国农业机械化发展应对措施

农业机械是农业生产力的重要内容,也是解放生产力的重要途径,根据多年的工作经验,文章详细分析了我国机械化发展的现状,并论述了我国机械化遇到的制约因素,最后提出相应的措施.     

Haptoglobin Quantitation in Serum Samples from Clinically Normal and Clinically Abnormal Horses

Haptoglobin (HP) is a common minor to moderate acute-phase protein in mammals. It has been described as increasing under a variety of conditions in horses, with the use of different assay methods. The goal of the current study was to provide updated information regarding this biomarker by using a commonly available automated assay. In the present study, reference intervals for HP were generated using 43 serum samples from clinically normal horses. The reference interval was determined via the robust method as 0.29-2.26 mg/ml. A statistically significant 3.3-fold mean increase was observed in HP levels from a clinically abnormal group of horses (n = 33). A weak but significant correlation was found between total white blood cell count and HP levels (r = 0.37, P < .05). A significantly higher level of HP expression was observed in samples acquired from patients whose clinical signs lasted for 7 days or longer than from those whose signs were 4 days or less.     

不同生境种源盐地碱蓬幼苗生长发育对盐分胁迫的响应和适应

为探讨盐地碱蓬适应不同生境的生理机制,研究了不同盐分处理(0,200和400 mmol/L的NaCl;0,200和400 mmol/L的KCl)对盐碱地和潮间带两种种源盐地碱蓬的生长发育、植株离子积累、叶片光合荧光指标和植株抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,200 mmol/L的NaCl处理使盐地碱蓬的地上部鲜重、干重、肉质化程度显著增加,400 mmol/L的NaCl处理和两种浓度的KCl处理使盐地碱蓬的鲜重、干重、肉质化程度显著降低。不同浓度的NaCl处理使盐地碱蓬地上部Na⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,K⁺含量显著降低;不同浓度的KCl处理使盐地碱蓬地上部K⁺和Cl^-含量显著增加,Na⁺含量显著降低。200 mmol/L的NaCl处理对碱蓬叶片的净光合速率、光合放氧速率、F_v/F_m值和φPSⅡ值无明显影响,而KCl处理则使碱蓬叶片各光合荧光参数显著降低。低浓度(200 mmol/L)NaCl处理使碱蓬SOD活性显著增加,但高浓度(400 mmol/L)NaCl处理和两种浓度的KCl处理均使碱蓬SOD活性显著降低。两种离子的不同浓度处理均使碱蓬POD活性显著增加。潮间带种源盐地碱蓬的地上部鲜重、干重、肉质化程度、光合荧光参数、地上部离子含量(Na⁺和Cl^-)均显著低于盐碱地生境。钾盐对盐地碱蓬的胁迫效应显著大于钠盐。盐碱地生境种源盐地碱蓬对盐分胁迫的响应显著高于潮间带。     

Pseudorabies virus infection in mink: a host-specific pathogenesis

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a neurological disease in many wild and domestic animals. The neuropathology elicited by PRV is quite consistent regardless of the host with the only exception of mink, in which it is characterized by a vasculopathy rather than by an encephalitis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s) of PRV infection in mink by using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection (LCM) on material from naturally and experimentally infected animals. The inflammatory reaction induced by PRV was minimal or absent not only in the nervous system, where we identified a low number of macrophages and a few T lymphocytes, but also in the primary replication site, the oropharyngeal mucosa; however, the number of PRV-infected cells detected by immunohistochemistry was extremely high both in the peripheral mucosa and in the nervous tissue. On the other hand, the vascular pathology included parenchymal hemorrhages of various degrees and, in specific cortical areas of the brain, fibrinoid degeneration of the capillary walls. Detection of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry revealed infection of endothelial cells of capillaries situated both in the oropharyngeal mucosa and in the brain stem; the presence of PRV DNA in vessels was further demonstrated by PCR performed on LCM samples of brain capillaries. These results can be interpreted as supporting the idea that the different pathology of the disease in mink may be the consequence of an increased endotheliotropism of PRV in this species. Infection of the vessel wall may then lead to vascular pathology and impairment in endothelial cell function, resulting in a weak immune response to infection.     

Defining the immune response to Ehrlichia species using murine models

Pathogenic bacteria belonging to the family Anaplasmataceae include species of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, first known as the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, also infects several vertebrate hosts including white-tailed deer, dogs, coyotes and goats. E. chaffeensis is transmitted from the bite of an infected hard tick, such as Amblyomma americanum. E. chaffeensis and other tick-transmitted pathogens have adapted to both the tick and vertebrate host cell environments. Although E. chaffeensis persists in both vertebrate and tick hosts for long periods of time, little is known about that process. Immunological studies will be valuable in assessing how the pathogen persists in nature in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Understanding the host immune response to the pathogen originating from dual host backgrounds is also important to develop effective methods of diagnosis, control and treatment. In this paper, we provide our perspective of the current understanding of the immune response against E. chaffeensis in relation to other related Anaplasmataceae pathogens.     

内质网应激偶联炎性反应研究进展

内质网是真核细胞蛋白合成和折叠的主要细胞器,当内质网内蛋白合成或折叠负担增加,引起未折叠或错误折叠蛋白增多时,可激活内质网几条特定信号通路,启动未折叠蛋白反应,这对维持细胞稳态有重要意义。越来越多研究表明,多种炎性反应疾病与内质网应激有密切联系。一方面,内质网应激引起的未折叠蛋白反应可以诱发或者抑制炎症,另一方面,炎性反应也能影响蛋白折叠,从而促进或缓解内质网应激。2型糖尿病、肿瘤和动脉粥样硬化等多种重大疾病的病理机制都涉及内质网应激与炎性反应的相互作用,对该问题的深入研究不仅能加深人们对这些疾病发病机制的理解,也有助于相关药物的研发。     

Single oral β-cryptoxanthin administration increases its serum concentration and enhances peripheral blood neutrophil function in Holstein cattle

We investigated the effect of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) on its serum concentration and peripheral neutrophil functions by the chemiluminescence (CL) response in Holstein cattle. A single oral administration of β-CRX was performed for serum β-CRX concentration (0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and for peak CL response of peripheral neutrophils (0.2 mg/kg BW). The serum β-CRX concentration was peaked on 2 days after, similar to peak CL response on 3 days after β-CRX administration. Therefore, a single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg BW) induces higher serum concentration and concurrently enhances bactericidal ability of peripheral neutrophils in Holstein cattle.     

Chromosome and plasmid-encoded N-acyl homoserine lactones produced by Agrobacterium vitis wildtype and mutants that differ in their interactions with grape and tobacco

Agrobacterium vitis causes crown gall disease on grapevines. It also induces a specific necrosis on grape roots and a hypersensitive response (HR) on tobacco that are regulated by a complex quorum-sensing regulatory system. Strain F2/5 produces at least six N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) that function as signal molecules in quorum-sensing. The AHLs differ in acyl side chain length (8–16 carbons) as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Mutant derivatives of F2/5 differ in ability to cause necrosis and the HR and show variable AHL profiles as determined by a thin-layer chromatography/biosensor assay. All wildtype A. vitis strains revealed the presence of long-chain AHLs regardless of tumorigenicity or ability to cause the HR. Whereas genes encoding long-chain AHLs are predicted to reside on the F2/5 chromosome, the determinants for short-chain AHLs were shown to be located on conjugal plasmids.     

桃蚜提取液对南方小花蝽行为的影响

在室内（２５±１℃，ＲＨ７０％）条件下，研究了桃蚜 Ｍｙｚｕｓ　ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ不同溶剂提取液对南方小花蝽Ｏｒｉｕｓ　ｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ行为的反应。结果表明，桃蚜虫体用水研磨的浆液、用水或９５％乙醇研磨提取的滤液，均含有很强的活性物质，而且用乙醇提取的滤液活性更强。其中桃蚜虫体用水研磨的浆液对南方小花蝽行为有很显著的影响。南方小花蝽对提取的活性物质均表现有明显的滞留和调转行为。