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21.
Standard for Bamboo and its International Trend 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
WANG Zhaohui JIANG Zehui SUN QixiangResearch Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing P.R. China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2004,3(2):55-65
1 INTRODUCTIONNational forestry ecological engineering, as afundamental affair for environmental protectioncontains combating desertification, soil and waterconservation. Two measures might be taken to preventsoil and water losses. One measure is to enlarge theforest area and to stop cutting or to decrease cuttingforest so as to make forest coverage keep rising at astable speed, forest resources should be examined byremote sensing technology. The other is to control thecirculation of wood… 相似文献
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From a conceptual point of view, national forest management standards in Latin American countries have progressed significantly in recent years. Examples include the Costa Rican Standards and Procedures for Sustainable Forest Management and Certification, developed by the National Commission for Forest Certification and in Nicaragua, the National Institute of Forestry proposal of principles, criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In line with general approaches worldwide, these national standards primarily focus on the fulfillment of sound forest practice. There is comparatively little emphasis on the assessment of management outcomes or changes in key components of the eco- and social-systems that result from management impacts. Essentially, there is little emphasis on adaptive management, though arguments that management cannot be sustainable if it is not adaptive are persuasive. This study sought to contribute to the development of standards that include elements for adaptive management that define, communicate and evaluate sustainable forest management in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Elements from the national standards and the CIFOR generic C&I template (predominantly focused on forest management outcomes) were used as a starting point. The basic research process consisted of three phases of evaluation (in-office, desk and field). The evaluations were carried out by multidisciplinary, international groups of experts in forest ecology, management and policy. This study demonstrated the value of forums and workshops that facilitate exchange between forest scientists and policymakers; the innovation and application of a practical, applicable and scientifically based methodology for developing national level C&I; and acceptance of this methodology by key players in the fields of forest management and policy. These experiences and the resulting proposals of C&I for the evaluation of ecologically sustainable forest management are expected to be used as points of reference for future development of forest policy in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and to contribute to the overall understanding of C&I development processes in the region. 相似文献
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近年来三亚水产养殖业和滨海旅游业发展迅速,给三亚近岸水体的水质带来了影响。于2013年1-4月对濒临三亚市区的三亚湾和远离市区的亚龙湾水体中的pH值、溶解氧、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总磷、化学需氧量进行了测定。结果表明,三亚湾水体中的磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总磷和化学需氧量的含量均高于亚龙湾,且个别月份间呈显著性差异(P〈0.05)和极显著性差异(P〈0.01);对水体中pH值和溶解氧的测定表明,2处海湾水体符合国家Ⅰ~Ⅱ类海水水质标准;三亚湾和亚龙湾水体中的磷酸盐浓度分别为0.0152~0.0189 mg/L和0.0082~0.0143 mg/L,分别符合国家Ⅱ~Ⅲ类和Ⅰ类海水水质标准;化学需氧量含量分别为0.528~0.899 mg/L和0.533~1.013 mg/L,均符合国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准。亚龙湾水体水质优于三亚湾,且前者多数海域水体符合国家Ⅰ类海水水质标准;后者多数海域符合国家Ⅱ~Ⅲ类水质标准,少数符合国家Ⅰ类水质标准。 相似文献
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Reporting standards for biofilter performance studies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John Colt Jonathan Lamoureux Richard Patterson Gary Rogers 《Aquacultural Engineering》2006,34(3):377-388
The development of standardized rating and design procedures for biological filters will require that filter performance be evaluated and reported in a standardized manner. This article recommends draft reporting standards for biofilter performance studies. It is important that critical parameters are defined and reported in a standard manner, both in terms of definition, variable names, and units. Depending on the type and scale of an experiment, reporting of certain parameters will be either mandatory or optional. Basic principles of experimental design, statistical analysis, and randomization must be followed. Experimental protocols are recommended to ensure the accuracy of measured or computed parameters. The development of this reporting standard is being organized through the Standards and Reporting Committee of the Aquaculture Engineering Society (AES). It is anticipated that a revised version of these standards will be incorporated into the Guide to Authors for Aquacultural Engineering. 相似文献
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张军华 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,(3):80-86
以2004~2011年沪深A股上市公司为样本,研究权益资本成本的行业差异以及行业特征对权益资本成本的影响。研究发现:行业门类层面和制造业次类层面的权益资本成本差异显著,这种差异在时序上较为稳定。行业竞争程度越低,权益资本成本越小,体现了产品市场竞争的特质性风险效应,行业收益波动和行业成长性分别对权益资本成本产生显著的正向影响和负向影响。企业会计准则的改革强化了行业因素对权益资本成本的影响。 相似文献
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