比较岩藻黄素·灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞对小鼠酒精性脂肪肝的影响

[目的]探讨岩藻黄素、灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞对小鼠酒精性脂肪肝的作用。[方法]建立NIAAA小鼠酒精肝模型。将10周龄C57BL/6小鼠按照随机分配原则平均分为5组,对照组喂食正常液体饲料,模型组和试验组喂食5%酒精液体饲料,试验组在饲料中分别添加100 mg/(kg·d)岩藻黄素、500 mg/(kg·d)灵芝孢子粉和500 mg/(kg·d)黑枸杞。取肝脏组织称重,比较各组小鼠的肝脏系数,取部分肝脏组织进行病理组织切片观察形态,采用商业试剂盒对小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)和肝脏中TG含量进行检测。[结果]与模型组相比,岩藻黄素抑制了酒精造成的脂肪变性,降低了血清中ALT、AST、TG和肝脏中TG含量;灵芝孢子粉有效地缓解了血清中ALT、AST含量的升高,但没有有效抑制酒精造成的脂肪变性;而黑枸杞减轻了酒精造成的脂肪变性,但没有显著缓解血清中ALT、AST的升高。[结论]相较于灵芝孢子粉和黑枸杞,岩藻黄素可以对酒精造成的肝损伤和脂肪变性起到更好的保护作用。     

Effects of growing leafy daikon (Raphanus sativus) on populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot)

Control of some soilborne pathogens may be achieved by use of decoy or catch crops. These stimulate the germination of resting spores, resulting in limited expression of disease symptoms. Results achieved using this approach are reported here using leafy daikon (radish, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus ) for control of Plasmodiophora brassicae , the cause of clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. Disease indices of Chinese cabbage plants grown in pots that had previously contained leafy daikon were lower compared with pots where no plants had been grown before (control pots). Numbers of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil in pots after cultivation with leafy daikon were reduced by 71% compared with control pots when resting spores were recovered and counted directly. In a field experiment, numbers of resting spores were reduced by 94% compared with the start of the experiment when leafy daikon was grown in advance of Chinese cabbage, but there was no reduction in disease severity in the Chinese cabbage. Plasmodiophora brassicae infected the root hairs of leafy daikon and those of Chinese cabbage, but no clubs were found on leafy daikon roots. The results from pot trials indicate that leafy daikon may be useful as a decoy crop for the control of clubroot disease in field crops.     

An assay for quantitative virulence in Rhynchosporium commune reveals an association between effector genotype and virulence

Detailed knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of virulence is needed to understand and predict host–pathogen dynamics. This study used a virulence assay based on digital image analysis and treated virulence as a quantitative rather than a binary trait. Such quantitative data may better reflect the genetic underpinning of virulence in many pathogen systems and provide better resolution in statistical investigations. A greenhouse experiment based on a common garden design was conducted to measure virulence (% of leaf area covered by lesions) of 126 genetically distinct isolates of the barley scald pathogen, Rhynchosporium commune, originating from nine field populations around the world. Virulence in this pathosystem was found to be a quantitative trait with a continuous distribution in all populations. By comparing population genetic differentiation for virulence and neutral microsatellite markers (i.e. a Q_ST/G_ST comparison), evidence that virulence is under stabilizing selection across populations was found. Heritability values were high and ranged from 0·52 to 0·96 with a mean heritability of 0·84. Virulence was positively correlated with spore production as predicted by the trade‐off theory of virulence evolution. Furthermore, an association analysis between virulence and sequence haplotypes of three known necrosis‐inducing effector genes (NIP1, NIP2 and NIP3) revealed a significant effect of NIP2 haplotypes and NIP1 deletions. Overall, the results support a quantitative model for virulence in the R. commune–barley pathosystem and very high evolutionary potential for this trait.     

响应面法优化蓝藻溶藻菌CZBC1发酵培养工艺

[目的]优化蓝藻溶藻菌——蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1的发酵培养工艺,为蓝藻溶藻菌制剂的工业化发酵生产提供技术支持.[方法]通过单因素试验筛选适合蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1生长的最适碳源和氮源,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合试验设计(CCD)确定关键因子的最佳数量水平,并以Desig-Expert 8.0.5进行回归分析,通过响应面分析获得CZBC1的最佳发酵培养工艺参数.[结果]蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1的最佳碳源、氮源分别为麸皮+糖蜜(1:1)和酵母膏.以麸皮+糖蜜用量(A)、酵母膏用量(B)、pH(C)、培养时间(D)为因素变量,CZBC1芽孢数(lgN)为响应值,拟合得到二次多元回归方程为lgN=8.5019-0.2222A+0.0998B-0.1292C+0.3801D+0.2194AB-0.1133AC+0.1350AD+0.2049BC-0.0651BD+0.0638CD-0.1260A2-0.3152B2-0.0380C2-0.2533D2,其中,碳源(麸皮+糖蜜)用量与氮源(酵母膏)用量的交互作用、碳源用量与pH的交互作用、碳源用量与培养时间的交互作用、氮源用量与pH的交互作用对CZBC1芽孢数的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01,下同).响应面分析优化得到的蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1最佳发酵培养参数:麸皮+糖蜜6.84 g/L,酵母膏3.36 g/L,pH 6.50,培养时间42 h.此条件下,CZBC1芽孢数的实际值为5.75×108 CFU/mL,与理论值(5.90×108 CFU/mL)间无显著差异(P>0.05),但极显著高于优化前采用营养肉汤发酵培养的芽孢数(1.28×107 CFU/mL).[结论]采用响应面法优化得出蜡样芽孢杆菌CZBC1最佳发酵培养工艺能有效提高菌株的芽孢数量,且模型拟合效果较好,可用于指导蓝藻溶藻菌制剂的工业化发酵生产.     

银耳极性测定的初步研究

以福建省古田县银耳为材料,经担孢子弹射,稀释分离法获得２８个银耳芽孢单孢分离物。单孢配对试验发现,由同一银耳子实体可得到４种不同交配型的银耳芽孢,它们之间的交配反应受两套因子控制,Ａ（ａ）和Ｂ（ｂ）,其中Ａ因子控制配对芽孢萌发管的产生,Ｂ因子控制配对产生的萌发管能否形在具锁状联合中的双核菌丝。配对结果表明,福建银耳为双因子控制的四极性异宗结合担子菌。     

小麦白粉病纯化菌种保存方法

利用经初选确定的5种具有较好保鲜能力的配方,采用离体叶段滤纸保存法、离体叶段琼脂保存法和试管苗保存法对小麦白粉病菌纯化菌系保存效果进行了研究.结果表明,对小麦幼苗第一叶叶段保鲜效果最好的配方是沈保6号,当使用40～60μg/mL最适浓度时,第25天叶段绿色仍可达到90%以上.保存菌种的最适环境条件研究结果表明,在4℃冰箱中,以离体叶片沈保6号琼脂保存和离体叶沈保6号浸润滤纸保存效果最佳,在第40天叶片绿色仍分别达到78.0%和68.0%,孢子萌发率可达26.7%和26.8%.     

黄瓜褐斑病菌分生孢子萌发与侵染的研究

对黄瓜褐斑病菌分生孢子萌发和侵染情况进行了系统研究。结果表明:病菌分生孢子萌发形式多样,可以从孢子一端、两端、或一侧一端、或两端一侧长出芽管。不同温度条件,对孢子萌发方式有明显影响。分生孢子萌发的适温为25~30℃;孢子在相对湿度90%以上才能萌发,水滴中萌发率最高;孢子萌发的pH值为3~13,最适pH值为5~6。病菌既可直接侵入,也可通过气孔侵入,以气孔侵入为主,伤口对侵入的影响不明显。     

Periodicity and gradients in dispersal ofAlternaria linicola in linseed crops

Conidia ofAlternaria linicola produced on infected linseed crops were mainly dispersed by wind. The numbers of conidia in the air above linseed crops collected by a Burkard spore sampler were greatest between 1200 h and 1300 h, when the relative humidity was lowest. Although numbers of conidia collected decreased with increasing height within and above the crop canopy, air-borneA. linicola conidia were present up to 80 cm above the crop canopy. Conidia ofA. linicola were transported by wind up to at least 40 m downwind from an artificial line inoculum source, but their numbers decreased with increasing distance from the source. In 1991, 1992, and 1993, the dispersal ofA. linicola conidia above linseed crops followed a seasonal periodicity which was influenced by weather conditions and cultural practices. The greatest numbers of conidia were collected during July, August and early September and coincided with periods favourable for sporulation and with an increase in the incidence of the disease in the senescent crop. Air-borneA. linicola conidia produced on point or line inoculum sources (naturally infected linseed stem debris) were responsible for the spread of the disease in linseed crops. In 1992 and 1993, the disease was first detected downwind from the sources, but by the end of the growing seasons, it had spread in all directions and up to 20 m and 60 m from the sources, respectively. Disease gradients were initially steep near the inoculum sources but they became flatter with time due to the secondary spread of the disease.     

One year investigation of the prevalence and diversity of clostridial spores in raw milk from the Tokachi area of Hokkaido

We investigated the seasonal prevalence and diversity of clostridial spores in raw milk from the Tokachi area of Hokkaido. Samples of raw milk were collected quarterly from May 2013 through February 2014. The mean clostridial spore count for the raw milk from 336 milk tankers was 27.6 CFU/100 ml. The clostridial species isolated most frequently from raw milk samples was Clostridium tyrobutyricum. The dominant species was C. tyrobutyricum regardless of the season. The percentage of samples with low spore counts (<10 CFU/100 ml) was highest (60.9%) during winter (February) and lowest (34.5%) in autumn (November). In comparison, the percentage of samples with high spore counts (>100 CFU/100 ml) was highest (5.7%) in autumn (November) and lowest (1.1%) during spring (May).     

苏云金杆菌高毒力菌株4．0718的快速选育

从湖南省不同生态区域的旱作地，果园和稻园采集的858份土样中，分离筛选出苏云金杆菌30株。选取一株具典型苏云金杆菌菌落特征和较高杀虫毒力的菌株701^2c为出发菌株，经紫外线和两次亚硝基胍的交替复合诱变，显微涂片染色镜检，发现菌体的伴孢晶体的形状、大小、数量及芽孢与伴孢晶体的比例与杀虫菌株4．0718。该突变株杀虫毒力与原始菌株相比提高了7．5倍，在6、12和24h内供试小菜蛾三龄幼虫死亡率分别高达20％、97％和100％。此菌株的高效速效杀虫毒力经连续10代培养能稳定遗传。