Tracking the potato late blight pathogen in the atmosphere using unmanned aerial vehicles and Lagrangian modeling

A means for determining the aerial concentration, C (sporangia m⁻³), of plant pathogenic spores at various distances from a source of inoculum is needed to quantify the potential spread of a plant disease. Values of C for Phytophthora infestans sporangia released from an area source of diseased plants in a potato canopy was quantified in three ways: (1) by using Rotorods to sample the air just above the source, (2) by using unmanned aerial vehicles to sample the air at altitudes up to 90 m above the source and at downwind distances up to 500 m from the source, and (3) by using a Lagrangian stochastic simulation of sporangia flight trajectories to tie these two measurements together. Experiments were conducted using three potato crops over two years. Model predictions of time-average, crosswind-integrated concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.9) with values of C measured using the unmanned aerial vehicles. The model describes the release and dispersal of sporangia from a potato canopy to a downwind distance of 500 m. Thus, it may have utility as a part of an area-wide decision support system by helping to predict risk of disease spread between neighboring or distant potato fields.     

暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢子形态及发育过程探讨

描述了暖地泥炭藓(Sphagnum junhuhnianum)孢蒴从翠绿色透明状球体历经黄绿色、淡褐色、褐色、具光泽的深咖啡色球体到最后喇叭状过程中孢子的形态特征.成熟孢蒴中孢子的数量(71 631±12 751)个.成熟孢子四面体结构清晰,极面观呈圆三角形,赤道面观呈近扇形,直径(23.27±1.05)μm,均出现三裂隙结构,唇状,稍细,长为极半径的2/3,裂隙表面布满疣状颗粒物,近极端三面凹陷无褶皱,分布少量疣状颗粒物,远端面不平整,布满疣状颗粒物.     

磷酸钠对粉红单端孢的离体抑菌作用研究

以引起果蔬采后病害的重要病原物粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)为研究对象,探究离体条件下不同浓度磷酸钠对T. roseum菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用及其初步机理。结果表明,不同浓度磷酸钠处理均可抑制T. roseum菌丝生长和孢子萌发,且随着处理浓度的增加,抑制效果增强。此外,2.0 mg/mL磷酸钠处理降低了T. roseum胞外相对电导率,提高了胞外丙二醛和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了胞外可溶性糖含量。扫描电镜结果显示,2.0 mg/mL磷酸钠处理的孢子表面粗糙且发生皱缩。因此,离体条件下磷酸钠能够抑制T. roseum生长,其抑菌机理与细胞膜结构的破坏有关。     

主要环境及营养因素对西瓜枯萎病菌生长的影响

采用菌丝生长速率法和产孢量测定研究了不同温度、光照、pH及碳氮源对来源于海南、河北和上海的3株西瓜枯萎病菌Fo-HN-46、Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1生长速率和产孢量的影响。结果表明:西瓜枯萎病菌菌株的适宜生长温度为20~30℃,Fo-HN-46最适生长温度为28℃,Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1最适生长温度为25℃,产孢的最适温度为28~30℃;光照对西瓜枯萎病菌生长速率无显著影响,对产孢影响显著,Fo-HN-46在黑暗条件下单位面积产孢量最高,Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1在半光照条件下产孢量最高;pH对西瓜枯萎病菌菌株的生长速率和产孢量有显著影响,pH 7~9时菌丝生长速率快,pH 8~11时产孢量高;葡萄糖、淀粉和乳糖作为碳源能够显著增加西瓜枯萎病菌的产孢量;蛋白胨作为氮源能显著促进菌丝生长,硝酸钠、酵母粉和蛋白胨均能显著增加西瓜枯萎病菌的产孢量。用最适碳源、氮源培养,Fo-HN-46生长速率大于Fo-HB-12和Fo-SH-1。Fo-SH-1产孢量高于Fo-HN-46和Fo-HB-12。     

培养基质对丛枝菌根(AM)真菌生长发育的影响

温室条件下,以盆栽培养方法研究不同培养基质对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae生长发育的影响。结果表明：不同理化性质的基质对菌根共生体生长发育的影响不同,综合考虑菌根长度、根外菌丝量及孢子数3项指标,以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)对G. mosseae菌剂的生长发育最为有利。宿主植物菌根长度及根中的可溶性糖浓度与根外孢子数有正相关关系,而宿主植物中磷浓度与菌根真菌的生长发育也有类似的关系。说明培养基质的养分状况、水分状况、通气状况等诸多因素都会影响菌根共生体的建立和发展。宿主植物的菌根长度、根中可溶性糖浓度以及宿主植物磷浓度对菌根真菌的生长发育有显著影响。因此,工厂化AM菌剂生产中,应以沙土混合物(体积比3∶1)为生产G. mosseae菌剂的培养基质。     

生长季苹果园冠层空气中斑点落叶病分生孢子飞散动态

通过对生长季苹果园冠层空气中苹果斑点落叶病菌分生孢子逐日和逐小时的捕捉，同时记载空气温度，相对湿度和降雨等气象数据，分析发现，6至7月份为整个生长季中孢子飞散的高峰期，影响孢子飞散的主要气象要素为降雨和风，一天中孢子飞散的动态是昼多夜少，9：00-22：00孢子飞散量占全天的87.2%，孢子飞散的最高峰为15：00-16：00，各小时孢子飞散与相对湿度呈显著负相关，而与温度呈显著正相关。     

油菜根肿病菌形态及生物学特性研究

油菜根肿病近年在四川省发生日趋严重。本文报道了油菜根肿病菌休眠孢子的显微形态结构,其在扫描电镜下休眠孢子近球形,孢壁不光滑,有乳状突起,直径为1.9~4.3μm(平均3.5μm);透射电镜下游动孢子近球形、肾形或椭圆形,直径为1.6~3.5μm(平均2.8μm),同侧着生不等长尾鞭式双鞭毛。观察了休眠孢子萌发形成游动孢子、休止孢、休止孢再萌发形成芽管的过程。病菌休眠孢子萌发的最适温度是24℃,最适pH值是6.3,腐烂处理促进休眠孢子萌发,光抑制休眠孢子萌发,休眠孢子在过滤灭菌的根分泌物中萌发率最高为62.50%。     

红松落针病的流行及与寄主生理节律分析

１９８３～１９９１年在辽宁省草河口和桓仁县八里甸地区，对红松落针病的流行及与寄主生理节律进行观测研究，其结果：红松落针病的病原菌（ＬｏｐｈｏｄｅｒｍｉｕｍｍａｘｉｍｕｍＢ．Ｚ．ＨｅｅｔＹａｎｇ）流行高峰期为７月中、下旬，与温度关系最密切（Ｒ复＝０．８４３６）。孢子日放散量呈”Ｕ”型曲线，两个放散高峰分别出现在每日的４时和２０时，与林内温度呈正相关。孢子放散高峰时间，也是寄主ＣＯ２呼出量最小时刻，而距叶气孔最大面积开放时间约提前３～４ｈ。     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

疏羽香鳞毛蕨配子体发育的研究

文章研究了疏羽香鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fragrans(L.) Schott var. remotiuscula(Kom.)Kom.)配子体发育过程。结果表明,孢子褐色,赤道面观半圆形,极面观为椭圆形,单裂缝。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型。丝状体2～9细胞长,有明显的顶端细胞,可形成多细胞板状的片状体,片状体顶端分生组织继续分裂形成原叶体,原叶体发育为三叉蕨型。原叶体边缘及背腹面均具毛状体,毛状体内含叶绿体数枚,先端多具帽状分泌物,数量丰富。颈卵器和精子器几乎同时形成,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞组成,成熟的颈卵器由4列细胞组成,4～5层细胞高。成熟的原叶体为倒卵状心脏形。