Comparative studies within and between seed and seedling populations of leafed, ‘leafless’ and ‘semi-leafles’ genotypes of Pisum sativum L.

In an attempt to explain previously observed differences between the growth rates of leafless and conventional plants, we have compared representatives of three pea phenotypes; conventional (AfAfStSt), semileafless (afafStSt) and leafless (afafstst) with regard to their embryonic axis/embryo weight ratio and their patterns of pre-emergent growth. Within each phenotype, comparisons were made between genotypes which differed for mean weight per seed and between seed weight classes within each genotype. Although significant differences were found between genotypes for embryonic axis/embryo weight ratios, these could not be attributed to differences between phenotypes. Within each seed population there was a consistent decrease in this weight ratio with increasing seed size irrespective of phenotype.Relative growth rate (RGR) of the seedlings prior to emergence was similar for all genotypes within and between phenotypes and also for seed size classes from individual populations. There was however a positive relationship betweed seed size and absolute growth rate within and between seed populations.The results suggest that differences between the phenotypes do not become manifest until after emergence of the seedling from the soil and the possibility of a post-emergent lag phase in the leafless type is therefore suggested.     

土地利用变化对中国西南热带湿润地区土壤磷动态的影响

Land use changes can greatly influence soil phosphorus (P) dynamics, especially when converting native forests to agricultural land. Soils in Xishuangbanna, which is one of southwest China’s tropical areas that maintain fragments of primary forests, were studied to a) evaluate the effect of two common land use changes, conversion of forests to agricultural land or rubber tree plantation, on the dynamics of available P and total P in bulk soils as well as total P in particle size fractions; b) assess the relationship between soil P dynamics and soil organic carbon (SOC); and c) elucidate the relationship between soil P content and soil properties such as pH and texture. Clearing secondary forests with subsequent shifting cultivation and establishment of rubber tree plantation caused significant decreases (P < 0.05) in available P in 0--20 cm soil depths, whereas for total P there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when converting to shifting cultivation, rubber tree plantation, or fallow fields at both 0--20 and 20--40 cm depths. Abandonment of fields used for shifting cultivation led to significant increases (P < 0.05) in available P at 20--40 cm depth. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between soil organic carbon and soil P content. Compared to secondary forests, the ratio of organic carbon to total P in surface soils (0--20 cm) of shifting cultivation and rubber tree plantation was significantly lower (P < 0.05).     

不同初植密度樟子松人工林对毛乌素沙地南缘土壤粒度特征的影响

探讨樟子松人工林林下土壤粒度特征随林分密度的变化及影响,以陕西省榆林市珍稀沙生植物保护基地内8个密度梯度(925~2 700株/hm~2)的沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,分别采集0—20,20—40cm土层土壤样本,测定土壤粒度组成,计算并分析平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态值和分形维数。结果表明:研究区各层土壤粒度组成以砂粒为主,其次是粉粒、黏粒;粒度特征整体呈现粒径较粗、分选较差、偏度正和峰态为中至窄的特点,土壤分形维数分布于1.422~2.084之间;樟子松林林下各层土壤平均粒径和分形维数均大于裸沙地,且随着林分密度的增加,平均粒径和分形维数均呈现递增趋势,而樟子松林林下各层土壤偏度均小于裸沙地,且随着林分密度的增加,呈现递减趋势,说明土壤细粒物质在樟子松林的长期保护下逐渐恢复,并且表层土壤恢复速度大于下层土壤;同时,随林分密度的增大,标准偏差和峰态值没有明显的规律,土壤颗粒的粗细分配变化不稳定,说明林分密度因素不足以致使土壤颗粒的粗细分配朝良好趋势发展。     

苏南地区膨润土物理化学和矿物学特性研究

膨润土的经济价值和应用价值源于其主矿物蒙脱石的含量及其独特的矿物学特性。通过对苏南地区8个主要矿区膨润土样品的p H、矿物组成、化学组成、颗粒分布、阳离子交换量及阳离子组成等性质进行分析,进而探讨该地区膨润土的主要矿物学特性。结果发现,8种苏南天然膨润土总体偏碱性,p H平均约为8.83。矿物组成均以蒙脱石为主,含有一定量的伴生矿物,且伴生矿物的种类和含量因样品而异。8种苏南膨润土样品的X射线衍射分析结果表明其均属于钙基膨润土,化学组成及阳离子组成等因矿床类型不同存在一定的差异,阳离子交换量与交换性阳离子量密切相关,阳离子交换量总体偏低。8种膨润土样品中蒙脱石含量和50μm粒级存在显著正相关性(p0.05)。通过对苏南地区天然膨润土样品物理化学和矿物学特性的分析,合理运用其特性,已成为开拓膨润土应用领域的关键。     

Soil phosphorus fractions in aggregate size classes in southwestern China

The build‐up of topsoil phosphorus (P) through excess fertilizer application can increase P losses in run‐off leading to negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. To better understand the risk of P losses, the fractions of soil P in four aggregate size classes were quantified for two vegetable production sites (<10 and >25 yrs) and a conservation buffer site (8 yrs) in southwestern China. Sequential extraction methods of inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) were carried out on samples from Nitisol and Gleysol soils from 0 to 5 cm and 5 to 10 cm depths. On average, soil Pi concentrations exceeded Po concentrations threefold, primarily in the bioavailable Pi fractions (labile Pi, loosely bound Pi and non‐occluded Pi). Soil Po fractions and bioavailable Pi fractions were significantly greater under the >25 yrs field than in the <10 yrs field. The conversion of fields under vegetable production to forested buffer substantially decreased the levels of the bioavailable Pi and labile Po in the Gleysol after 8 yrs. Soil macro‐aggregates (>0.25 mm) had greater concentrations of bioavailable Pi fractions and of labile and moderately labile Po than did micro‐aggregates and silt and clay size components. Although more P was stored in recalcitrant P forms, a larger percentage of all P fractions was found in macro‐aggregates in these soils. Small active P‐enriched aggregates potentially intensify export of P from the vegetable soils by run‐off, and therefore, management practices must be optimized to enhance agricultural P efficiencies.     

Temporal changes in humic acids in cultivated soils with continuous manure application

Abstract

Although the application of manure to upland fields is believed to induce changes in the quality of humic substances in soil as well as the quantity, the direction and extent of these changes have not been elucidated. To understand temporal variations in humic acids, periodically collected soil samples from two fields, a Typic Hapludult (Togo) and a Pachic Melanudand (Kuriyagawa), with cattle manure and chemical fertilizer (CF) were examined. The content and degree of humification (darkening) of the humic acids were distinctly greater in Kuriyagawa than in Togo soil. Corresponding to the difference in the degree of humification, molecular size distribution, elemental composition, infrared (IR) spectra, and ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS NMR) spectra of humic acids differed between the two soils. Manure application at 40 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 for 16 years (Togo) and at 80 or 160 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 for 19 years (Kuriyagawa) resulted in greater humic acid content compared with plots with CF only because of its increase in the manured plots and/or decrease in the CF plots. Manure application at an extremely high rate (160 Mg ha^?1 year^?1) resulted in higher H content and greater signal intensities of alkyl C, O-alkyl C and amide C=O in the ¹³C CPMAS NMR and/or IR spectra. Although humic acids with larger molecule sizes increased in all the manured plots, differences between the humic acids from the plots with and without manure applied at practical levels in the elemental and spectroscopic analyses were small or scarce. These results were considered to be because of the similarity between the indigenous soil humic acids and the manure-derived ones in Togo soil (a low degree of humification) and because of the abundance of highly-humified humic acids in Kuriyagawa soil.     

Feed resources,livestock production and soil carbon dynamics in Teghane,Northern Highlands of Ethiopia

In the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia, integrated crop-livestock production within smallholder farms is the dominant form of agricultural production. Feed availability and quality are serious constraints to livestock production in Ethiopia in general, and in its Northern Highlands in particular. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between feed availability and quality and live weight gain, milk and manure production and the soil C balance in Teghane, Northern Highlands of Ethiopia. The so-called JAVA model procedure, that essentially predicts metabolizable energy intake and animal production on the basis of feed quality and quantity, has been used and linked to a soil carbon balance. Forages were ranked according to their quality (on the basis of metabolizable energy intake by livestock) in descending order. Rations were formulated by stepwise including components of increasingly lower quality to calculate the trade-offs between feed quantity and quality. In the model, the soil C balance was described in relation to soil organic matter decomposition, C input from roots, grazing and/or harvesting losses, feed residues and manure. Moreover, an analysis of monetary values of live weight gain/loss, manure and draught power is included. The results of the model showed that mean daily live weight gain and milk production per TLU continuously increased with decreasing herd size, while total annual live weight gain reached a maximum (62 Mg) at the use of the 30% best feeds and a herd size of 630 TLU. Soil C balance at this level of feed use is negative and deteriorates with increasing feed use. The model estimated an optimum herd size of 926 TLU to attain the maximum combined monetary value of live weight gain, manure and draught power at 50% feed use. Actual herd size in the study area was 1506 TLU. Our results indicate that in areas where feeds of very different quality are available, maximum benefits from meat and/or milk production and soil C balance can be attained by selective utilization of the best quality feeds, through a storage and carry-over system.     

多针电极喷雾刀梁静电场特性与雾化效果研究

建立了多针电极喷雾刀梁静电场求解模型,采用Ansoft Maxwell软件分析了多针电极喷雾刀梁空间中电压及电场强度的分布规律,并研究了针电极间距对静电场的影响,通过激光粒度分析仪测量分析了不同针电极间距的刀梁雾化粒径分布规律。结果表明:针电极可将该刀梁附近的最高电场强度提高到2.7×106V/m,针电极附近的电场变化幅度最大,针电极最佳间距为2 mm时多针电极下端可形成分布均匀的高场强区域,此时该刀梁静电喷雾的雾化粒径减小到42μm,且粒径分布均匀,该实验结果与计算结果吻合。     

Hydro-physical characteristics of selected media used for containerized agriculture systems

Containerized plant production represents an extremely intensive agricultural practice with large amounts of moisture and fertilizer application. Hydro-physical characteristics such as water infiltration, texture and structure, particle size distribution affect the quality of the media used in containerized agricultural systems and the water availability to plants. Water retention characteristics depend on particle size distribution as well as the composition of the media used. Materials with coarser particles allow faster percolation of water and also retain relatively higher amounts moisture per unit weight due to higher porosity, while draining faster due to smaller surface area per unit weight. Faster drainage can result into airflow through coarser materials causing the media to dry. The objectives of this study were to characterize the selected hydro-physical properties of plant growth media that are commonly used by nurseries in South Florida. Characterization of the plant growing media can allow modeling of soil-water interactions and development of best management practices for more efficient use of water and agrochemicals by nurseries. Experimental analyses were performed to characterize the plant growth mixtures in terms of particle size distribution and hydraulic conductivity using three different methods (i.e., constant head permeability, falling head permeability test, and tension infiltrometer test). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by constant head method ranged from 0.029 to 0.042 cm/s (104-151 cm/h) and by falling head method ranged from 0.078 to 0.112 cm/s (281-403 cm/h). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by tension infiltrometer ranged from 0.02 to 0.34 cm/h. Understanding water retention and permeation characteristics of the plant growing media could assist development of best management practices (BMP) for containerized agricultural systems for efficient management of irrigation water and agrochemical use.     

气吸式小粒径种子排种器吸孔清理装置设计与仿真

针对气吸式小粒径种子排种器在实际工作中经常出现吸孔被种子脱皮、碎屑堵住的现象[1],提出了3种结构的吸孔清理装置。同时,利用Solid Works进行三维建模,FLUENT进行气流场仿真模拟,得出结论:T型结构不利于种子及残渣回落;Y型结构易形成回流,影响种子及残渣的收集;坡型结构导致残渣无法完全落入收集器。最终设计出了一种综合性能最好的吸孔清理装置的结构—半坡型结构,不仅增强了清理效果,而且残渣回落后不易回流进入吸气通道。该设计对避免气吸式小粒径种子排种器排种盘堵塞的问题,保证排种器排种效率,提供了一定的理论参考。