Otolith size differences during early life of dwarf and cannibal Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus)

In Arctic and alpine lakes, Arctic char [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] often form two distinct morphs: invertebrate feeders (‘dwarfs’) and piscivores (‘giant or cannibals’). Here, we test for early life history growth variation in dimorphic Arctic char as a proximate explanation for the observed life history variation between the two forms. Char were sampled in 11 alpine and Arctic Norwegian lakes. Dwarfs (defined as sexually mature char less than 15 cm long; N = 304) had a mean total length of 105 mm, whereas the typical cannibal (body length above 20 cm; N = 153) was 388 mm long. A positive correlation between egg size and otolith hatching ring were ascertained in a separate hatching experiment with brown trout (Salmo trutta) and it is assumed that this relationship also is valid for Arctic char, and otolith size was used as a proxy for length. Otolith hatching ring from Arctic char cannibals was larger (mean ± SD; 187 ± 24 μm) than those from dwarfs (mean ± SD; 164 ± 23 μm). There were only minor size differences between dwarfs and cannibals during the next three years, after which dwarfs usually matured. Two mutually nonexclusive, proximate explanations for the differentiation into separate morphs (dwarfs and cannibals) are therefore maternal effects and/or genetic based differentiation. The high catchability of large piscivorous char and low production in alpine and Arctic lake ecosystems may make these stocks particularly vulnerable to overexploitation.     

浅谈美国大学“大班”教学的启示——美国UIUC营养与饲料学课程教学观摩有感

 与“以学生为中心”的教学理念一致，美国大学的课程教学呈现多样化的特点。论文分析了我国目前大学课程教学的现状后发现，为了给科研分配出足够的时间，教师投入教学的有效时间不能与不断上升的大学扩招规模保持同步增加。由此引发出在课堂规模扩大的情况下怎样保证课程教学质量的思考。结合在美国伊利诺伊大学香槟分校（UIUC）的访学经历，提出配套相应技术支撑体系、教学与人文结合以及采取课程组授课与“大班授课，小组讨论”等方式方法有助于提高“大班”课程授课的教学效果。     

Competitive Strategies and Growth of Neighbouring Bromus valdivianus Phil. and Lolium perenne L. Plants Under Water Restriction

Often perennial pastures have to tolerate soil water restriction during summer, which can affect the relative abundance of the most desired species. In the south of Chile, Bromus valdivianus and Lolium perenne are preferred species. The competitiveness of B. valdivianus and L. perenne was evaluated when sown in pots in a glasshouse as monocultures or a mix (50/50 %) with restricted water availability. The water restriction treatments were as follows: 80–85 % field capacity (FC), 45–50 % FC and 20–25 % FC, maintained for 1196 growing degree days. For both species, dry matter (DM) accumulated per plant and per pot decreased similarly with increasing water restriction, but at tiller level, resource allocation differed, for B. valdivianus root growth was accentuated over aerial development, but this was less so for L. perenne. The foliage mass per tiller for B. valdivianus decreased relatively more than that for L. perenne with increasing water restriction. As monocultures, B. valdivianus produced larger tillers than L. perenne, such that B. valdivianus tillers had 2.2 times greater lamina mass, 3.6 times more leaf area and 2.5 times greater root mass than those of L. perenne. However, L. perenne produced a larger number of smaller tillers that enabled foliage, root and total mass at plant level, to be similar to that of B. valdivianus. Within the mixed pasture, L. perenne tiller density increased compared with when grown as a monoculture, but not for B. valdivianus. The results of the study suggested that L. perenne and B. valdivianus have differences in growth strategies that allow them to survive under environmental stress and competition. Competitiveness increased for L. perenne aboveground without water restriction and that for B. valdivianus increased belowground as water restriction was increased.     

Climate‐driven population dynamics of a North American freshwater fish,Ictalurus furcatus: inference from the mitochondrial control region sequence data

Abstract – Using the Bayesian coalescent methodology and mitochondrial control region sequence data, the present study reconstructs the dynamics of effective population size of a temperature‐driven seasonal migratory North American freshwater fish, Ictalurus furcatus, during the last glacial cycle. The trend in effective population size is directly associated with the trend in surface air temperature; it is inversely associated with the accumulation of ice sheets in North America during the contemporary period. The long‐term decrease in effective population size during the cold period followed by rebound during the warmer period could be explained by this species’ preference for relatively warmer temperatures for its optimal growth and survival.     

纤维素纳米晶体尺寸控制及其检测技术研究进展

纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)的尺寸控制及其精确检测,是纤维素纳米晶体产业化的难点.系统介绍国内外纤维素纳米晶体尺寸控制及其检测技术的研究进展,分析现有技术问题,提出完善纤维素纳米晶体尺寸控制及其检测技术的建议.     

红锥大树移植关键技术研究

对红锥（Castanopisis hystrix）基因库中805株大树进行批量移植,移植3个月的成活率为96%。制定科学合理的方案设计是大树成功移植的保证,其中移植时间、起苗时根和叶的处理、运输、定植后的水分管理等是红椎大树移植的关键技术。     

湿地松种子分级育苗的研究

湿地松湿系种子筛分为大、中、小三个粒度级进行发芽和播种育苗，据此进行的两地点两年度的试验结果表明，分级改变了种子的大小和重量分布，影响种子的发芽速度，进而影响到苗木的早期生长。在芽苗时期和苗木生长早期，各粒度级种子所育苗木有差异，但在生长后期已基本消失，混系种子分级未能达到改进苗木质量和一致性的目的，在育苗时首先要考虑种批的遗传构成，其次才是按种子大小或重量分级。     

珍贵药用植物三尖杉种子大小的变异

对云南省宁蒗县珍贵药用植物三尖杉种子大小性状变异的研究表明 :种子的长度、宽度、厚度、长度与宽度比、长度与厚度比、宽度与厚度比和重量等性状变异均为连续分布的数量性状 ,它们的平均值分别为 18 2 9± 2 4 5mm、 9 4 2± 0 6 5mm、 7 71± 0 5 6mm、 1 94± 0 2 4、 2 38± 0 34、 1 2 2± 0 0 6和 0 4 6 3± 0 10 6g ;变异系数分别为 13 37%、 6 88%、 7 2 2 %、 12 2 2 %、 14 16 %、 4 84 %和 2 3 0 2 %。     

THE GROUND CENSUSES ON RED-CROWNED CRANE IN KHANKA LAKES DISTRICT OF CHINA

Coordination of the aenal servey,the author carried ground census on the popula-tion size of Red-erowned crane(Grus japonensis)in Khanka Lakes District from 1984 to 1986.Ac-cording to the census in spring of 1984,the total number of Red-crowncd crane is 72 individualsand 20 nests.So that this pound census has recorded 59 indivlduals more than the aerial survey of13 individuals,and the percentage of nesting individuals in his flock is 55.6％,which is obviouslyhigher than 36.9％ of the average ration in China.After this,in fall of 1984 and in spring of 1985 and1986,we repeated the same censuses three times in the same districts,the results indicated that theflock of the crane in Khanka Lakes District is stable basiuclly,but some individuals interchangewith opposite flock of USSR because of gegraphical adjoin So,We blieve this flock in China andthat lock in USSR belong to the same population and suggest two countries should act in concertto studing on this population in future. Meanwhile,the aerial servey     

Evaluating Supplemental Mass Pollination Efficacy in a Lodgepole Pine Orchard in British Columbia using Chloroplast DNA Markers

Supplemental mass pollination (SMP) success in a grafted lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) seed orchard in southern British Columbia was studied by employing four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers to determine fertilization success of 10 pollen parents. SMP was conducted operationally with a bulked pollen mix twice during peak receptivity in the seed orchard. Fertilization success of the 10 SMP parents averaged 16% greater than for wind-pollinated controls in a different section of the orchard. SMP also increased the uniformity of the male contribution in treated seeds.