Validating the use of Cs measurements to estimate rates of soil redistribution by wind

Wind erosion has degraded over one-half billion hectares of land worldwide. ¹³⁷Cesium (¹³⁷Cs) has been used as a tracer to study long-term rates of soil redistribution by water and, to a lesser extent, by wind. Early studies assumed that the decline in ¹³⁷Cs activity for a potentially eroded soil relative to that for an uneroded soil was linearly proportional to soil loss. More recently, models have emerged that consider the effects of soil cultivation and the particle surface area-dependent partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs on soils. We investigated the partitioning of ¹³⁷Cs in wind-eroded sediments and with soil surface samples sieved into contiguous ranges of particle sizes. We also compared the ¹³⁷Cs activities and stratification of several adjacent soils with known wind erosion and deposition histories. Finally, we tested ¹³⁷Cs-based soil loss models with measured data from sites with documented histories. ¹³⁷Cs activities and mean particle diameters of aeolian samples agreed well with the ¹³⁷Cs activities and respective mean diameters of the sieved surface soil samples. Good agreement between model estimations and measured data indicated that ¹³⁷Cs models developed to estimate soil redistribution by water were also applicable to soil redistribution by wind provided that the models contained an appropriate particle size correction parameter.     

Relationship between molecular characteristics of soil humic fractions and glycolytic pathway and krebs cycle in maize seedlings

A humic acid (HA) isolated from a volcanic soil was separated in three fractions of decreasing molecular size (I, II and III) by preparative high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The molecular content of the bulk soil HA and its size fractions was characterized by pyrolysis-GC-MS (thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide) and NMR spectroscopy. All soil humic materials were used to evaluate their effects on the enzymatic activities involved in glycolytic and respiratory processes of Zea mays (L.) seedlings. The elementary analyses and NMR spectra of the humic fractions indicated that the content of polar carbons (mainly carbohydrates) increased with decreasing molecular size of separated fractions. The products evolved by on-line thermochemolysis showed that the smallest size fraction (Fraction III) with the least rigid molecular conformation among the humic samples had the lowest content of lignin moieties and the largest amount of other non-lignin aromatic compounds. The bulk HA and the three humic fractions affected the enzyme activities related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in different ways depending on molecular size, molecular characteristics and concentrations. The overall effectiveness of the four fractions in promoting the metabolic pathways was in the order: III>HA>II>I. The largest effect of Fraction III, either alone or incorporated into the bulk HA, was attributed to a flexible conformational structure that promoted a more efficient diffusion of bioactive humic components to maize cells. A better knowledge of the relationship between molecular structure of soil humic matter and plant activity may be of practical interest in increasing carbon fixation in plants and redirect atmospheric CO₂ into bio-fuel resources.     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象,通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机,将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置,设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量,测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明,在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内,对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%）,喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时,喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化,由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流,相应的气流速度下降了16%左右;油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小,但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显,油门开度增大,雾滴流速度明显增加,药液流量增大,雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下,对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳,尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴,这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面,无法有效喷施到目标物上;药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时,各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小,同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态,常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群,且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中,喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分,中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大,中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大,且距中心轴线越远的下方,雾滴增大越明显,即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况,在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

不同饲养方式对固始鸡生产性能的影响

将固始鸡饲养至4周后,分别笼养和放养至18周,测量其体尺、屠体性能,到42周龄测量蛋品质。结果表明,笼养和放养的活重差异显著(P>0.05),其余屠宰指标差异不显著;蛋品质除了蛋重和蛋壳厚度差异显著(P<0.05)外,其余指标差异均不显著;放养条件下,纤维素酶高于笼养,而对总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶影响不显著。     

以湖南和湖北大豆[Glycine max（L.）Merr.]为例分析影响遗传多样性评价的因素

以不同来源大豆种质为材料进行基因组SSR分析，探讨大豆遗传多样性研究方法，旨在为科学评价大豆种质资源提供参考。当取样比例相同时，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆，但两省大豆遗传多样性指数之间没有显著差异。当取样量相同时，利用随机取样法比较，湖南大豆的遗传多样性显著高于湖北，而利用聚类取样比较，两省大豆的遗传多样性没有显著差异。在遗传多样性指数相同情况下，湖北大豆的遗传丰富度显著高于湖南大豆。取样数与三个遗传多样性评价参数（等位变异数、Shannon指数、He）之间均达到显著和极显著相关。以湖南大豆为例，估算出在大豆SSR遗传多样性分析中，至少需要50~60个样本，即占总体9.0%~10.8%的取样比例，才能代表总体的遗传变异。提出在评价大豆遗传多样性时，应用大豆样本数对其遗传多样性指数计算公式进行修正，建议将Shannon指数计算公式改为H＝－lnN ∑P_i lnP_i (N为样本数)。根据修正公式分析，结果表明，湖北大豆的遗传多样性高于湖南大豆。     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

基于2DVD的非旋转折射式喷头水滴直径分布规律

采用基于三维视频粒子测量原理的视频雨滴谱仪(Two-dimensional video disdrometer,2DVD)对喷灌机中常用的Nelson D3000型喷头在多个工作压力下水滴直径沿射程的分布进行了测量,分析了水滴直径沿射程的变化趋势及水滴速度、水滴角度与水滴直径之间的关系。结果表明:水滴直径与射程符合指数函数关系,在距离喷头相同测点处,水滴直径随工作压力的升高而减小,而射程末端的水滴直径随着压力的升高而增大;水滴速度随水滴直径增加而增大,两者呈对数关系;水滴落地时与地面夹角(简称水滴角度)随水滴直径增加呈减小趋势,水滴直径小于1.0 mm时,50、100、150和200 kPa工作压力下,与地面夹角为90°的水滴个数占总水滴数的比值分别为90.46%、84.46%、89.91%和89.15%,其余水滴与地面夹角在30°~89°之间,水滴直径在1.0~2.25 mm范围内,水滴角度随水滴直径的增加迅速减小,水滴直径大于2.25 mm时减小趋势变缓,4个工作压力下最大直径水滴落地时与地面夹角平均值为45°;工作压力对于水滴直径与速度、水滴直径与角度之间的关系影响较小。     

华北土石山区模拟降雨下土壤溅蚀研究

采取野外模拟降雨试验,研究了降雨强度、降雨动能以及降雨历时对溅蚀量的影响规律,分析了溅蚀土粒的距离、方位的分布特征,以及溅蚀土粒的粒径组成规律。研究结果表明:雨滴击溅过程中,在不同强度的降雨作用下,下坡方向产生的溅蚀量最大,上坡方向产生的溅蚀量最小。溅蚀总搬运量与溅蚀净搬运量均与降雨强度呈正相关。溅蚀量与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,与降雨动能呈现线性函数关系。溅蚀率与降雨历时呈现指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒主要分布在0~10 cm,占溅蚀总搬运量的45.40%~57.75%,在50~60 cm内的溅蚀量所占比例不高于1.75%。溅蚀量与溅蚀距离呈负指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒径小于等于2 mm,溅蚀土粒中细砂粒和粗粉粒百分比与原状土壤较为接近,粗砂粒百分比远低于原状土壤,而粘粒百分比高于原状土壤,粉粒百分比低于原状土壤。溅蚀土粒中细砂粒(0.05~0.2 mm)最易于被溅蚀,而小粒径(小于0.002 mm)和大粒径(大于0.2 mm)土壤颗粒不易被溅蚀。当降雨强度足够大时,对于同种特征的土壤,溅蚀土粒存在稳定的粒径组成。当降雨强度保持不变时,溅蚀平均粒径随溅蚀距离的增加而变小。溅蚀距离在0~30 cm,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较大;随溅蚀距离的不断增加,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较小。     

不同空间粒度下地表水体分布格局多样性研究

选取河南省北部、中部和南部典型研究样区,将空间粒度方法引入并应用于地表水体多样性的研究中。在总结前人研究水体多样性测度方法的基础上,提出新的方法——空间分布长度指数(MSHDLI),并在1 km×1 km网格尺度下研究MSHDLI、水网密度(RD)和空间分布面积指数(MSHDAI)的粒度效应、相关性和相关系数的粒度响应、尺度效应关系及回归模型。结果表明:随着粒度的增加,MSHDLI、RD和MSHDAI的粒度响应曲线均为下降型;MSHDLI与RD和MSHDAI有显著的相关关系,平均相关系数r分别为0.997和0.878(P0.01),且MSHDLI与RD、MSHDAI相关系数的粒度效应属于显著正相关关系;MSHDLI与RD的拟合度函数均是对数函数,MSHDLI与MSHDAI的拟合度函数均是多项式函数;由三者的多元线性回归模型可知MSHDLI与RD、MSHDAI线性相关且对它们的解释程度达到95%以上。MSHDLI可以将RD描述水资源广度和MSHDAI描述水资源空间分布离散性的优势结合起来。     

农田土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及颗粒体积分数的空间变异性

盐渍土膜下滴灌过程中的土壤理化性质存在空间变异性,对灌溉管理有一定影响。该文根据3个不同尺度下土壤采样及颗粒尺寸分布（PSD）测定结果,探讨了土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数之间的定量关系,分析了各尺度和综合尺度下土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数的经典统计特征和地质统计特征,根据颗粒体积分数的半方差函数计算了不同尺度颗粒体积分数的分形维,并做出了等值线图。研究表明,土壤PSD分维与黏粒的体积分数呈正相关关系,黏粒体积分数增大引起PSD分维增加的原因在于细颗粒的比表面积比粗颗粒的大;各尺度土壤PSD分维及颗粒体积分数均无强变异特征;不同尺度下土壤PSD分形维的半方差函数中块金和基台值均非常低;50 m尺度土壤PSD分维和黏粒体积分数的等值线图具有类似的集中度和走势,而砂粒体积分数和粉粒体积分数则具有相反的集中度和走势。该研究说明土壤PSD分维和颗粒体积分数都有一定的尺度依赖性。