湘南红壤区牧草生产的气候模型

利用湖南省祁阳县的长期气象数据,结合不同牧草的生长特性,建立了一个反映当地牧草生长状况的气候模拟模型,并据此气候模型评价了当地气候条件对牧草生产的影响,鉴定了牧草周年生长的限制性因子。根据气候模型预测出温带牧草的最佳播种时期在１０月中旬至１１月下旬,热带牧草最好在３月下旬至４月中旬播种。牧草生长气候模型还可用于指导牧草品种筛选及牧草生产管理。     

耐苏打盐土草坪品种筛选

通过盆栽和小区试验,测试了紫羊茅、早熟禾10余个品种在不同NaHCO3盐浓度下的相对出苗率、幼苗存活率、根冠比、草坪密度和盖度等相关指标,综合评价了东北地区常用草坪草品种的幼苗期、生育期耐苏打盐土能力,初步确定了适合苏打盐渍土地区种植的耐盐草种。     

Italian University System has to Match Educational Needs in Adherence to European Standards and Professional Scenario

The effect of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of a non-pathogenic strain of Mycobacterium phlei was studied in bovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) by measuring the myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase enzyme levels in the milk leukocytes. Forty-five cows were divided into three equal groups. Group I, consisting of 15 healthy cows, served as the control, whereas groups II and III each contained 15 cows with subclinical mastitis on the basis of a positive reaction in the California mastitis test (CMT). The cows in group II received 100 microg of WSF in 5 ml sterile phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS) once only, while those in group III received 5 ml sterile PBS daily for 7 days, both treatments being given by the intramammary route. Observations were made up to 30 days after treatment (AT). The CMT of the healthy milk was negative (0), whereas it ranged between 1 and 2 points in SCM. The somatic cell count (SCC) increased significantly (p < 0.05) on day 3, then fell steeply from day 7 up to day 30 AT in the cows in group II. A steady decrease in the total bacterial count (TBC) was observed in the group treated with WSF but the bacterial counts remained high in the groups treated with PBS. The mean acid phosphatase level was enhanced by 119% on day 3 AT in group II but only by 18.7% in the cows in group III. The mean myeloperoxidase level was enhanced by 100% in the cows in group II but only by 18% in those in group III on day 3 AT. This significant reduction in the bacterial load in infected cows caused by intramammary infusion of WSF may be due to activation of the microbicidal activity of the neutrophils, but this requires confirmation.     

Effects on some clay soil qualities following the passage of rubber-tracked and wheeled tractors in central Italy

There is increased use of rubber-tracked tractors for ploughing on clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) in central, south and insular Italy instead of metal-tracked tractors, because they allow travel on public roads. Field tests were carried out on arable soil previously ploughed and harrowed to compare two types of tractors, one rubber-tracked (CAT Challenger Ch 45) and one wheeled (New Holland 8770) in order to establish the compacting effects resulting from 1 and 4 passes of the tractors in the same track. The following parameters were studied: soil penetration resistance, bulk density and its increment ratio, soil shear strength, soil macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity. Multiple passes made by the two tractors induced very similar effects on the soil in regards to soil penetration resistance. Mean values of penetration resistance (0–0.20 m depth) were 1.15 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.11 MPa for the wheeled tractor; mean values of penetration resistance (0.21–0.40 m depth) were 1.07 MPa for the rubber-tracked tractor and 1.17 MPa for the wheeled tractor. The decrease in macroporosity, in particular that of elongated pores in the soil surface layer (0–0.10 m depth) was greater in treatments involving the rubber-tracked tractor (from 20.2 to 2.7%) than for the wheeled tractor (from 20.2 to 10.3%). Following traffic of the two tractors, hydraulic conductivity decreased and the following values were found for the five treatments: control, 18.48 mm h⁻¹; wheeled tractor 1 and 4 passes, 11.15 and 7.45 mm h⁻¹, respectively; rubber-tracked tractor 1 and 4 passes, 3.25 and 1.1 mm h⁻¹, respectively. Highly significant correlations between shear strength and dry bulk density, and between hydraulic conductivity and elongated pores and total macroporosity were found. Significant linear relationships between macroporosity and penetration resistance for 1 and 4 passes of both tractors were found in the soil layers (0–0.10 m). A significant difference was found between tractors and for correlations of penetration resistance values above control values. However, in the soil layer (0–0.20 m depth), with respect to the higher degree of macroporosity and low values of penetration resistance, treatments involving wheeled tractor (1 pass) showed a lower degree of soil compaction than was observed after 1 pass of the rubber-tracked tractor.     

莠去津在土壤中的残留试验研究

本文介绍了莠去津在土壤中的残留消解动态试验及其检测方法和检测结果。     

土壤侵蚀退化研究

土壤退化是全球性的重大环境问题之一,直接威胁人类的生存。在引起土壤退化的诸因素中,土壤侵蚀是最普遍和最重要的因素。在前人土壤侵蚀退化研究成果的基础上简单回顾了其发展现状,重点综述了土壤侵蚀退化机理,并针对性地提出了土壤侵蚀退化防治措施。     

基于厘米级无人机影像的水土保持措施精准识别

基于厘米级高分辨率无人机影像,应用面向对象方法(Object-Based Image Analysis, OBIA)对吉林省伊通县椽子沟流域的横坡改垄、地埂植物带、生态恢复乔木林、生态恢复草地等水土保持措施进行自动精准识别。应用超绿指数(Excess Green Index,ExG)、超红指数(Excess Red Index,ExR)、归一化差异指数(Normalized Difference Index,NDI)等光谱指数,形状的主方向、形状指数等形状特征,均值(Mean)、方差(Variance)、对比度(Contrast)等纹理特征进行措施的特征提取。结果表明:研究区水土保持措施识别的总体精度可达91.24%,Kappa系数为0.87;对垄台、垄沟等线性水土保持措施总体精度可达72.33%,Kappa系数为0.63。基于厘米级无人机影像,应用面向对象方法基本可实现对黑土区水土保持措施的精准识别,也可对垄台垄沟等线性措施进行自动识别,研究结果可为水土保持措施实施范围及完好程度的动态监测提供参考依据。     

水土保持对偏关河径流和泥沙的影响分析

 偏关河流域水土保持面积从1959年的1万1593hm2增加到1996年的5万5338hm2,占流域面积的28.90%。年径流量、常水径流量与年份和各类水土保持措施之间,均呈极显著负相关,年径流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量,均呈显著正相关,而常水流量与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量关系很弱;偏关河流域小型蒸发器测定的蒸发量与年份呈显著负相关,但径流和泥沙变化并没有增加,说明水土保持是引起径流量和泥沙量变化的主要原因。洪水径流量、年输沙量和洪水输沙量变化一致,与年降水量、汛期降水量和有效降水量均呈显著正相关,而与水土保持措施面积呈不显著的负相关。     

杉木根际土壤特性的研究(Ⅱ)杉木根际的生物化学特性

本研究测定了浙江省一些林场内杉木林地杉木根际和非根际土壤的微生物数量和酶活性。结果指出,杉木根际和非根际土壤中的微生物以细菌为主,其中氨化细菌占有较大数量。杉木根际土壤的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量都显著地高于非根际土壤。脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶脱氢酶和纤维素酶活性也有同样趋势,但多酚氧化酶则相反。根际微生物数量和酶活性与土壤化学性质有关。杉木连栽显著地降低根际微生物数量和脱氢酶、纤维酶活性,但增大了多酚氧化酶活性。这表明降低了生物化学活性。而这又会引起根际养分不足和有毒物质积累,导致连栽杉木较低的生长速率。     

长沙城郊农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的生态风险评价研究

采集长沙城郊18个乡镇513个农田土壤样点,运用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法从农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的含量、土壤理化特性(pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷)、土壤区位特征(土壤采样点离城镇的距离、离建设用地的距离、离河流的距离、离农村居民点的距离)3个方面选取评价指标,建立农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd的生态风险评价模型,并根据生态风险指数值(ERI)将生态风险等级划分为四级(Ⅰ级ERI>0.70、Ⅱ级0.6相似文献