内蒙古白桦次生林改造中树种选择的探讨

为了提高国营林场森林蓄积量,对天然白桦次生林进行30多年的改造,在国家已审批可改造林地,对不同坡向选择栽植华北落叶松、油松、樟子松等针叶树,与白桦天然萌芽更新形成针阔混交林.结果表明:在阴坡、半阴坡混交林中落叶松生长最快,樟子松次之;而在阳坡、半阳坡混交林中,油松、樟子松生长旺盛.随着林龄的增长,森林蓄积量稳定增长.实践证明科学合理改造北方林区天然次生林,可达到森林经营的永续利用和可持续发展目标.     

不同补饲水平对陕北白绒山羊产绒性能的影响

通过研究不同补饲水平对陕北白绒山羊绒的生长和产绒量的影响,探索陕北白绒山羊在冬春季节枯草期放牧时的补饲方案。试验抽取横山县某羊场同年龄段体重相近健康的陕北白绒山羊成年母羊120只,随机分为四组,每组30只。对照组,每天补饲0.2kg玉米;三个试验组分别每天补饲配合精料0.2、0.3、0.4kg。结果表明,在自然放牧条件下,陕北白绒山羊在冬春枯草季节通过补饲可延长绒毛的快速生长期至12月份,而1月至抓绒前绒毛生长缓慢。试验期内0.2kg组、0.3kg组、0.4kg组绒长的增长量分别较对照组增加了66.45%,67.10%,72.36%,产绒量分别提高了26.75%、29.62%、22.48%,三个试验组绒长度及产绒量均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,各试验组之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。研究表明,成年母羊在冬春季节归牧后,补饲0.2kg配合精料可显著提高绒毛的长度和产绒量,但进一步增加配合精料的补给量,效果并不明显。     

白茶多糖的提取与结构初探

白茶经热水浸提、浓缩、醇沉、透析等工序制得一种白茶多糖,这种多糖采用saveg法处理前后的IR谱图和单糖组成均无变化。结果表明,白茶多糖是一种由8个单糖组成的寡糖,分子量为1453～1468,其结构中含有1个鼠李糖基、2个阿拉伯糖基、1个未知单糖A基、1个葡萄糖基和3个半乳糖基,单糖通过苷键结合。白茶多糖结构中不含氨基酸或其他酸性基团。     

Exposure to blue LED light before the onset of darkness under a long‐day photoperiod alters melatonin secretion,feeding behaviour and growth in female dairy calves

The effect of blue LED on melatonin secretion, feeding behaviour and growth was addressed in Holstein female dairy calves. In Exp.1, six animals (8 weeks old, 97 ± 4.1 kg BW) were exposed to yellow or blue LED for 2 hr before darkness over 7 days under a long‐day photoperiod (LDPP). In Exp. 2, six animals (8 weeks old, 88.5 ± 4.8 kg BW) were exposed to blue light from a white LED all daytime or a yellow LED for 2 hr before the darkness of LDPP (blue light cut) over 3 weeks. In Exp. 1, blue light mildly suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2‐hr treatment but did not affect the timing of the nightly melatonin rise. However, the rise in nighty melatonin levels was higher with yellow than blue LED. In Exp. 2, white LED completely suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2‐hr treatment, but plasma melatonin concentrations were similar during the darkness. Grass hay intake, rumination time, frequency of water intake and body weight gain were higher in animals exposed to the yellow rather than the white LED. Overall results indicate that exposure to blue light from white LEDs under an LDPP suppresses melatonin secretion and might negatively impact the development of female dairy calves.     

不同营养水平日粮对陕北白绒山羊生长性能和小肠组织SLC7A7、SLC3A1及SLC15A1 mRNA表达的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮营养水平对断奶后2~6月龄陕北白绒山羊生长性能及小肠组织中与氨基酸转运吸收相关的SLC7A7、SLC3A1和SLC15A1 mRNA表达的影响。选取健康、日龄（（60±1.60）d）和体重（（10.73±1.03）kg）相近的雌性陕北白绒山羊羔羊36只,随机分为4组,分别饲喂4种试验日粮,其消化能和粗蛋白质水平分别为标准日粮的85%、100%、115%和130%。标准日粮营养水平参考肉羊饲养标准NY/T816-2004,依据生长阶段（10~19 kg、15~27 kg）和目标增重设置。试验期间,分别于120和180日龄称重,于180日龄,每个重复屠宰1只试验羊,采集十二指肠中上部、空肠中段、回肠末端组织样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测SLC7A7、SLC3A1和SLC15A1表达水平。结果表明：1）第一阶段（60~120 d）115%水平组平均日增重显著高于其他三组（P<0.05）,第二阶段（121~180 d）115%水平组平均日增重显著高于85%和100%水平组（P<0.05）,与130%水平组无明显差异。两阶段115%水平组羔羊干物质采食量极显著高于其他3组（P<0.01）。两阶段料重比115%水平组显著低于85%、100%水平组（P<0.05）。2）相同营养水平下,SLC7A7和SLC15A1 mRNA的表达丰度顺序均为回肠>空肠>十二指肠;3）随日粮营养水平的增加,SLC7A7、SLC3A1和SLC15A1 mRNA在小肠各段的相对表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,且115%水平组表达量最高。115%水平组SLC7A7和SLC15A1 mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）;115%水平组SLC3A1 mRNA的相对表达量显著高于85%和130%水平组组（P<0.05）。本试验条件下,与其他营养水平组相比,115%水平组陕北白绒山羊羔羊在2~6月龄生长性能最佳,SLC7A7、SLC3A1和SLC15A1 mRNA在小肠各段的表达量最高。     

Detection, identification and significance of phytoplasmas in grasses in northern Australia

Sugarcane yields have been severely reduced by white leaf and grassy shoot phytoplasma diseases in many parts of Asia. Australian sugarcane crops are not known to be affected by these diseases, but plant pathogenic phytoplasmas found in other introduced and native grasses in northern Australia could pose a serious threat to the Australian sugarcane industry. To further evaluate this threat, leaves from plants of 20 grass species, with and without symptoms, were collected during field surveys in northern Australia and tested to determine whether phytoplasmas were present and whether symptoms were reliable indicators of phytoplasma presence. Molecular tools were used to detect and characterize phytoplasmas. Four different phytoplasmas were found in seven grass species known to grow near healthy sugarcane crops. All the phytoplasmas were closely related to sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (SCWL), one of the phytoplasmas that causes disease in sugarcane in Asia. Four of the host plant species and two of the phytoplasmas were new records. The relationship between symptoms and phytoplasma presence was poor. Because some plants with symptoms tested negative for phytoplasmas, a series of surveys was carried out in which flowers, leaves, roots and stems of two known host plant species, Whiteochloa cymbiformis and Sorghum stipoideum, were tested separately on nine occasions during two wet seasons. This was done to investigate the distribution of phytoplasmas within plants over time. Results showed that spatial and temporal variation of phytoplasmas occurred in these two host plant species. Hence, evaluation of disease distribution within a region requires repeated testing of all plant parts from plants without symptoms, as well as those with symptoms. To date, there is no report of a vector capable of transmitting to Australian sugarcane the phytoplasmas found in grasses in this study. If one is present, or occurs in the future, then native and introduced grasses could constitute a large reservoir of phytoplasma for vectors to draw on. This work provides an early warning for the sugarcane industry that the potential for infection exists.     

养殖曼氏无针乌贼白色卵膜营养成分分析及评价

测定分析并评价了养殖曼氏无针乌贼（ Sepiella maindroni）白色卵膜（WEM）的营养成分。结果表明,WEM （鲜样）中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为92.34％、1.76％、5.28％和0.34％。WEM（干样）中氨基酸（AA）总量为55.53％,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）总量为19.85％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（NEAA）的比值为65.6％,构成比例符合 FAO/ WHO 规定的优质蛋白质标准;鲜味氨基酸（ DTAA）总量为29.53％。WEM的第一限制性氨基酸为苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸（Phe ＋ Tyr）,必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为38.03。脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）占19.21％。矿物质含量丰富,尤其以磷（P）质量分数最高（1423.2 mg·kg -1）。结果表明,WEM 营养组分较为全面,与野生黑色卵膜（BEM）的营养成分进行对比分析发现,在氨基酸组成、必需氨基酸和无机元素质量分数等方面存在差异,这种差异是否是导致白化受精卵孵化率降低的关键因素有待进一步研究。     

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.     

Non‐permissive C6/36 cell culture for the Australian isolate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus

Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) that causes white tail disease (WTD) is an emerging disease that contributes to serious production losses in Macrobrachium hatcheries worldwide. Mosquito cell lines (C6/36) have been reported to support the growth of MrNV and used to observe the cytopathic effects (CPE) in infected cells. This study determined the susceptibility of C6/36 mosquito cells to the Australian isolate of MrNV in order to use fewer animals in further investigations. Different staining methods were used to observe MrNV viral activity in C6/36 cells. Typical cytopathic effects such as vacuolation and viral inclusion bodies were observed in infected C6/36 cells with H&E and Giemsa staining. With acridine orange, it was easier to detect presumptive MrNV messenger ribonucleic acid in the infected cells. Using neutral red staining to measure mitochondrial activity showed light absorption of infected cells maximized at day 4 (O.D. = 0.6) but was significantly lower (chi‐square = 41.265, df = 1, P < 0.05) than control groups (O.D. = 2) which maximized at day 12. Using trypan blue staining to count the number of cells with disrupted cell membranes, the maximum number of presumptively dead cells at day 8 (4 × 10⁵ cells) in infected treatments was higher than the control treatment at day 10 (1.8 × 10⁵ cells). However, TaqMan real‐time PCR did not confirm the replication of MrNV in the cells over 14 days. The mean viral copies and mean cycle times of positive samples were stable at 2.07 × 10⁴ and 24.12, respectively. Limited evidence of viral replication was observed during four serial passages. This study determined the mortality of the C6/36 cell line to the Australian isolate of MrNV but suggests limited patent replication was occurring. Trying different cell lines or adapting the virus to the C6/36 cells may be necessary to successfully replicate Australian MrNV in cell lines.     

Development of a monoclonal antibody‐based flow‐through immunoassay (FTA) for detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

A flow‐through immunoassay (FTA), an improved version of immunodot, was developed using a nitrocellulose membrane baked onto adsorbent pads enclosed in a plastic cassette to detect white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. Sharp purple dots developed with WSSV against the white background of the nitrocellulose membrane. The detection limits of WSSV by the FTA and immunodot were 0.312 and 1.2 μg mL^?1 crude WSSV protein, respectively. The FTA could be completed in 8–10 min compared with 90 min for immunodot. The FTA was 100 times more sensitive than 1‐step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in between that of the 1‐ and 2‐step PCR protocol recommended by the Office of International Epizootics (OIE). In experimental, orally infected shrimp post‐larvae, WSSV was first detected 14, 16 and 18 h post‐infection (hpi) by FTA, immunodot and one‐step PCR, respectively. The FTA detected WSSV 2 and 4 h earlier than immunodot and one‐step PCR, respectively. The FTA was more sensitive (25/27) than one‐step PCR (23/27) and immunodot (23/27) for the detection of WSSV from white spot disease outbreak ponds. The reagent components of the FTA were stable giving expected results for 6 m at 4–8 °C. The FTA is available as a rapid test kit called ‘RapiDot’ for the early detection of WSSV under field conditions.