挥发性物质对植物致病菌的熏蒸作用研究进展

挥发性物质分子量小,化合物种类复杂,具有的熏蒸抑菌作用是其特殊的生物学功能之一,受到世界各国学者的关注。本文对挥发性物质的种类、抑菌活性及检测鉴定方法进行了概述,着重评述了植物（精油）和微生物产生的挥发性物质的抑菌作用及其研究进展,从挥发性物质中筛选出具有抑菌作用的单体化合物是新的研究方向。     

缓/控释肥的研究应用现状

就国内外缓/控释肥料应用效果、施用方法做了综述。重点总结了缓/控释肥在作物上的应用效果和对土壤、环境的影响。与普通肥料相比,施用缓/控释肥料可以提高肥料利用率、提高作物产量、改善品质、改善土壤物理性状、提高土壤养分有效性、促进作物生长、减少环境污染。     

磷化氢熏杀其抗性害虫实仓试验

用磷化铝片对储藏在房式仓（仓容５１６ｍ３）中的４００ｔ散装小麦进行熏蒸。储 不小麦水分为１１．５％,储藏平均温度为２９．３℃,小麦用ＰＶＣ（厚度０．１２５ｍｍ）复盖。熏 蒸期间用磷化氢检测管测定ＰＨ3浓度。采用１．０３ｋｇ磷化铝片（可释放０．３４ｋｇ磷化氢） 分成小包进行熏蒸,磷化氢最高值为 １． ０ｍｇ／Ｌ。熏蒸 １６天的 ＣＴ值为 ２１３ｍｇ· ｈ／Ｌ。用 敏感和抗性品系的米象和谷蠹进行生物试验表明．熏蒸１个月后所有的成虫都死亡;熏 蒸４２天所有中度抗性的谷蠹没有发现Ｆ１代成虫出现．米象的印和蛹不能发育为成虫。     

Inheritance of slow rusting to stem rust in wheat

Summary The inheritance of the slow rusting character was studied on F₅ progenies from seven spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals. The cultivars and their progenies were evaluated for slow rusting in 1974 and 1975 in epidemics of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, races 15 and 151, and traces of other races. Slow rusting varied significantly among the parents and among the F₅ progeny of each cross. Transgressive segregation occurred in each cross, i.e. some progeny rusted more slowly than the parents and some faster. In crosses with both Idaed 59 and Kenya 58 the progeny distributions were skewed towards slow rust development but the distributions in the other crosses were normal. The genetic control of slow rusting was predominantly additive, and narrow sense heritability was approximately 80 percent. The number of segregating genes having an effect on slow rusting was estimated to be 2 to 12 pairs depending on the cross. Correlation between slow rusting and maturity was usually negative but in most crosses the relationship was small.Contribution No. 9624 from the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.     

草莓畸形果的胚胎学研究

在草莓生产中,有的品种（如戈雷拉）常产生青顶等畸形果现象,严重影响果品质量。本研究以“戈雷拉”（畸形）和“小实”（正常）品种为材料,从胚胎学方面进行比较,探讨畸形果产生的原因。结果如下：１）切片观察表明,两品种相比,草莓各部位的胚发育是不同步的,从下而上具有一定的时序性,其中“小实”的差异较小,而“戈雷拉”差异明显。观察表明,“戈雷拉”位于花托顶端雌蕊的花柱结构异常,致使顶部的胚珠不能受精结实。２）分析两品种间花粉的散发量、花粉生活力、花粉萌发力以及花粉管的伸长速度等方面,“戈雷拉”均明显低于“小实”品种。综上结果认为,造成“戈雷拉”畸形果的产生,可能有多种原因,但上述原因可认为是产生顶部不结实,致使后期花托内生长素含量不同,从而造成果顶生长缓慢的主要原因。     

论我国按揭制度的构建

按揭一词从香港传入我国,是英美法中一项物的担保制度。在我国,这一制度最早活跃于市场活跃的商品房消费领域,由于缺乏立法规范,我国关于按揭制度问题十分混乱。文章针对按揭制度在我国的发展和现状,力在寻求源于英美法系的这一制度与我国法律制度的契合点,探求我国法律制度的变革和创新,以期对我国目前商品房按揭市场进行规范。     

快慢羽品系贵妃鸡体尺性状及屠宰性能的比较分析

对20周龄的6只快羽贵妃鸡与6只慢羽贵妃鸡的体尺性状与屠宰性能进行比较分析.结果表明,两品系间的体尺性状与屠宰性能均为慢羽鸡大于快羽鸡,且髋宽、半净膛率两品系间差异显著(P<0.05).两品系间的内脏器官的体积大小和骨架结构大小存在一定的规律性,骨架指数与睾丸重慢羽鸡均大于快羽鸡,器官指数则是慢羽鸡小于快羽鸡.     

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer （UCRF） and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations： the first-order kinetics equation [N1=N0 （1-e^-kt）], Elovich equation （N1=a ＋ blnt）, and parabola equation （N1=a ＋ bt^0.5）, with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N （r= 0.9569^＊＊-0.9999^＊＊）. The release potentials （No values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation） of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^-N in water, and total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 urea-N 〉 NO3^--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate （k values and b values） for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N 〉 DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 NO3^--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N 〉DON 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 total N 〉 NO3^--N, and the b values were total N 〉 NH4^＋-N 〉 DON 〉 NO3^--N 〉 urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg^-1, and 5.17 kg kg^-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt=N0 （l-e^kt）] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.     

控释肥在宁夏灌淤土中的氮素释放特征研究

为了寻求改善宁夏灌淤土水稻氮素利用的有效措施,通过静水浸泡与盆栽试验,以自研聚氨酯包膜控释肥为研究对象,研究了3种控释肥的氮素释放特征,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对水稻产量与氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:自研控释肥CRF1、CRF2在静水(25℃)中的氮素累积释放比例的动态变化趋势基本一致,都呈"抛物线"形状,其24 h初期释放率分别为3.54%、2.28%(≤15%),28 d的氮素累积释放率分别为33.17%、30.58%(≤80%),符合缓释肥料的国家标准要求。与等量NPK处理相比,CRF2处理主要通过提高水稻穗粒数与千粒重获得最高子粒产量,达到31.21 g/盆,增加了10.44%;其地上部总吸氮量达到150.89 kg/hm~2,提高了10.46%;其氮肥利用率达到36.64%,提高了5.49个百分点。不同施肥处理下土壤铵态氮、硝态氮与无机氮含量峰值均出现在水稻插秧后的15 d前后,随后不同程度的下降,控释肥处理下降较慢,在土壤中氮素释放时间达到75 d以上。其中CRF2处理由于添加了硝化抑制剂双氰胺,能够在水稻移栽45 d前保持最高的硝态氮(第45 d:99.41 mg/kg)和无机氮含量(第45 d:104.46 mg/kg),在60 d前保持最高的铵态氮含量(第60 d:4.03 mg/kg),满足了水稻生育关键期对氮素的需求,从而保证稻谷产量。     

烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的散放次数及其田间防治效果研究

对烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的散放次数研究结果表明,在初始蚜量较低的条件下,采用逐次(3次以上)放蜂的方法散放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜,可有效地控制烟蚜种群的增长.对放蜂防治田、常规施药田和不施药烟田的烟蚜数量调查结果表明,散放烟蚜茧蜂防治烟蚜的田间防治效果明显,与常规施药田的防治效果相当.对放蜂区和常规施药防治区内烟农施用杀虫剂情况的调查表明,在放蜂区施用杀虫剂的平均次数为1.83次,而常规施药防治区为3.05次,放蜂区的施药次数比常规防治区减少40%.