Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

Soil microbial communities changed with a continuously monocropped processing tomato system

To reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying the productivity of long-term continuous cropping of processing tomato, a multi-year study was carried out to understand the effects of long-term continuous cropping on the community structures of the root zone microbes. Soil samples collected from continuous cropping of processing tomato after 3, 5 and 7 years were used for this study. Results showed that soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), N (SMBN) and microbial quotient (qMB) significantly decreased with longer cropping. After seven years of continuous cropping, the SMBC and SMBN contents, and qMB respectively significantly decreased by 52.3%, 78.8% and 48.2% (p?相似文献   

长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响

以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。     

连作植烟土壤酚酸类物质变化特征及其与主要环境因子的Mantel Test分析

为明确酚酸类物质在连作植烟土壤中的变化特征,探讨土壤主要环境因子对酚酸类物质的影响,以不同连作年限（4 a,6 a,8 a,14 a和16 a）植烟土壤为对象,研究了不同连作年限植烟土壤酚酸类物质、理化性状、酶活性和细菌多样性的变化特征,并利用Mantel Test分析了酚酸类物质与土壤主要环境因子的相关性。结果表明,随连作年限增加,土壤酚酸类物质和速效钾含量升高,pH、有机质含量、细菌菌群丰度和多样性降低,水解性氮和有效磷含量呈先降低后升高趋势,酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势。Mantel Test分析表明,土壤酚酸类物质含量与理化性状、酶活性和细菌丰度显著相关,且与理化性状相关性最高;不同酚酸类物质含量与土壤主要环境因子相关性存在差异,其中,对羟基苯甲酸和阔马酸与植烟土壤理化性状、酶活性以及细菌丰度的相关性最高。因此,在本试验条件下,连作植烟土壤酚酸类物质具有明显积累特征,植烟土壤环境恶化;酚酸类物质积累受理化性状、酶活性和细菌多样性影响,且理化性状影响最大;不同酚酸类物质受主要土壤环境因子的影响存在差异,其中对羟基苯甲酸和阔马酸积累所受影响最大。     

Evaluation of Nitrogen Fertilization Patterns Using DSSAT for Enhancing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice

Temporal variation of rice growth and nitrogen (N) uptake generally follow a sigmoid curve and may respond positively to the N-fertilizer application at critical growth stages. In this study, it was hypothesized that the amount of N-fertilizer applied at critical growth stages possibly follows a geometric pattern such as line, parabola, and sinusoidal to attain maximum yield and nitrogen use efficiency. To test and identify the best pattern, short-term modeling-field testing-long-term modeling strategy was followed. The patterns with the highest simulated yield and nitrogen use efficiency from short-term modeling were tested in the field. Finally, long-term evaluation of N-fertilization patterns was performed using 25 years of historical weather data, resulting in the line pattern with 14% more yield and 25% less NO₃^? leaching in comparison to the conventional N-Fertilization pattern. Therefore, line pattern may be adopted to enhance the yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice.     

基于微波冠层散射模型的水稻生物量遥感估算

为寻求有效的水稻生物量估算方法,尝试开发了微波冠层散射模型。将实测的水稻结构参数作为输入变量,运行微波冠层散射的改进模型来模拟水稻冠层后向散射系数,结合遗传算法优化工具,从星载微波雷达遥感ALOS/PALSAR数据反演水稻的结构参数,进而对水稻生物量进行了空间制图。结果显示,模拟的水稻冠层后向散射系数误差在1 dB以内,估算的水稻生物量的误差小于200 g/m2。表明利用微波遥感机理模型反演水稻结构参数和估算水稻生物量具有应用潜力。     

有机无机复混肥对水稻氮素利用率的影响

在重庆地区2种代表性中性紫色土直,研究有机无机复混肥对水稻产量、氮素利用率及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,施用有机－无机复混肥料提高了水稻株高、剑叶面积及穗长,降低了空壳率,以40％发酵有机－无机复混肥处理的当季水稻产量增加2．5％－10．1％,为各处理最高,氮素利用率提高17．65％,随有机N的比例增加水稻产量下降。连续两年施用有机无机复混肥,土壤速效P和有效K均有明显提高,且随着有机肥比例的增加及增幅亦增加,土壤破解N的变化不明显,土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）的变化与鳞、钾的规律相似。     

傅立叶变换中红外光谱估测水稻叶片氮素含量的研究

通过不同氮素水平的水稻田间试验,在分析测定了水稻叶片叶绿素、氮素等农学参数后,采用傅立叶中红外光谱仪测定了水稻孕穗期叶片干样的透射光谱,利用协同偏最小二乘算法（siPLS）分析选取了傅立叶变换红外光谱估测水稻氮素含量的敏感波段及其组合。结果表明,其最优主成分数是9个,最佳估测建模的波段组合分别为1350.89～1586.57, 1587.53～1822.40 和 3709.41～3943.72 cm-1;建立的水稻氮素预测模型的精度较高,交互验证均方根误差（RMSECV）和预测均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0.1538和0.1933,预测值与化学分析获得的叶片总氮浓度之间的交互相关系数和独立检验相关系数分别为0.9393和0.6649,高于中红外光谱指数NFS和NFSA的预测精度。说明利用傅立叶红外光谱作为水稻氮含量的诊断技术是可能的,值得进一步验证和完善。     

基于深度全卷积神经网络的大田稻穗分割

稻穗的准确分割是获取水稻穗部性状、实现水稻表型自动化测量的关键。该研究应用水稻图像数据集及数据增广技术,离线训练了用于稻穗分割的3个分别基于Seg Net,Deep LAB和PSPNet的全卷积神经网络。综合考虑分割性能和计算速度,优选了基于Seg Net的网络,称为Panicle Net。在线分割阶段先将原始图像划分为子图,由Panicle Net分割子图,再拼接子图得到分割结果。比较该算法及现有作物果穗分割算法Panicle-SEG、HSeg、i2滞后阈值法及joint Seg,该算法对与训练样本同年度拍摄样本Qseg值0.76、F值0.86,不同年度样本Qseg值0.67、F值0.80,远优于次优的Panicle-SEG算法,且计算速度约为Panicle-SEG算法的35倍。该算法能克服稻穗边缘严重不规则、不同品种及生育期稻穗外观差异大、穂叶颜色混叠和复杂大田环境中光照、遮挡等因素的干扰,提升稻穗分割准确度及效率,进而服务于水稻育种栽培。     

超级早、晚稻的养分吸收和根系分布特性研究

为了阐明双季超级稻的高产机理和指导合理施肥,采用品种比较的方法,研究了超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收和根系分布特性。结果表明,超级早、晚稻品种的养分吸收量平均分别为N 170.04、224.90 kg/hm2,P 21.97、39.88 kg/hm2,K 107.48、144.47 kg/hm2,均高于对照。生育中期（穗分化至抽穗）的养分吸收量与产量密切相关。生产100 kg稻谷所需要的养分较对照低10%左右。超级早、晚稻品种根系发达,根量较大。抽穗后15 d（早稻）或20 d（晚稻）的根量与产量密切相关,其中5—10 cm的根量与养分吸收总量密切相关。说明生育中期较多的养分吸收和发达的根系是超级早、晚稻高产的重要原因。