具有复合充填力的立式浅盆型排种器充种机理

为了从力学角度研究提高机械式精密排种器的充种能力以适应高速作业需要,分析了排种器种腔内种子各方向力学特征及规律,建立型孔充填力模型,找出提高充填能力的有效途径,并以增加充填力种类为目标创新设计一种立式浅盆型排种器。其排种盘结构既能保留传统立式种盘的优点,又避免了离心力对清种产生的负面影响。运用离散元仿真分析软件EDEM(engineering discrete element method)进行仿真并用物理样机试验进一步证实了种盘转速提高时,作为复合力引入的重力与离心力的分力能明显起到保证种子完成向型孔内进入过程的作用,在高速区段平均充填率提高2.33%。该研究为机械式精密排种器的研究提供了借鉴与参考。     

Development of new cytoplasmic source of male sterile lines in rice for shallow lowland

Two shallow lowland male sterile lines, MotiA and PadminiAwith Miz.4 cytoplasmic source were developed throughintervarietal hybridization and recurrent backcrossing withtheir respective parents. In all probability, MotiA and PadminiA of Miz.4 source may be genetically different from the Wild abortive CMS source (V.20A). These two CMS lines are semitall in stature, photosensitive, of late duration in flowering with easy fertility restoration ability, and thus could be useful for developing hybrid rice suitable for shallow lowland areas.     

接种霉菌的高水分玉米自然发热试验--在室内模拟仓散装玉米中的热转移试验报告

在模拟筒仓条件下,对接种霉菌的高水分玉米自然发热和在仓内玉米中的热转移进行试验。测得高水分玉米发热的最高温度、达到最高温度的时间和持续时间以及热转移的最长距离等,为仓内测温点的合理布置提供了依据。     

黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水与耕层土壤积盐空间分异规律定量分析

为研究黄河三角洲地区地下水作用条件下耕层土壤的积盐规律,运用GIS和地统计学的原理与方法,结合地下水埋深的空间分布以及临界埋深的划分标准对研究区域进行分区,并从空间尺度对各分区地下水矿化度与耕层土壤积盐规律进行了定量分析。结果表明：地下水埋深、矿化度和耕层土壤盐分均属于中等变异强度,在东西方向和南北方向上均具有2阶的趋势效应;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,地下水埋深呈中等的空间自相关性,地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分呈弱空间自相关性;耕层土壤盐分与地下水矿化度的空间分布具有一定的相关性,与地下水埋深呈负相关性。对空间尺度上的地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分定量分析结果表明,耕层土壤积盐与地下水矿化度呈极显著的相关关系,而地下水埋深增加使其相关性减弱,采用分区研究法使地下水矿化度对耕层土壤积盐规律分析更加客观准确。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理以及预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要意义。     

系泊时船间作用力计算模型的浅水修正

系泊船受驶过船影响,船间作用力通用计算模型在浅水中存在着较大误差,针对这种情况搜集了一些船模试验数据,对通用计算模型在浅水中的应用提出了修正方案．从修正后的结果看,修正后的通用计算模型有更高的精度,更加适合用于模拟器中船舶运动的仿真．另外,给出了系泊船受到的船间作用力峰值回归公式,研究了船间作用力在不同水深及初始横距下的变化规律．     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

Field Crop Production in Areas with Saline Soils and Shallow Saline Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley of California

SUMMARY

Salinity in soil and water is irrevocably associated with irrigated agriculture throughout the world and as a result requires that salt management becomes an integral part of the production system. With careful water management, it is possible to sustain irrigated agriculture in areas with saline soil and saline groundwater with and without subsurface drainage. The results from two field projects conducted in an area with saline soils and saline groundwater demonstrated the type of irrigation systems and management needed to sustain production of moderately salt tolerant and tolerant crops. During the first study at Murrieta farms, yields of cotton and sugar beet were maintained using both saline and non-saline water for irrigation when pre-plant irrigation and rainfall were adequate to maintain soil salinity at a tolerable level. Wheat production was reduced in areas that used saline water for irrigation. Use of saline water containing toxic elements such as boron for irrigation poses a threat to the sustainability of the system. The second study evaluated the management of furrow and subsurface drip irrigation in the presence of shallow saline groundwater. Careful management of the furrow system during pre-plant irrigation and the first irrigation of the growing season was required to prevent waterlogging. It was possible to manage the subsurface drip system to induce significant crop water use from shallow groundwater. Rainfall and pre-plant irrigation were adequate at this site to manage soil salinity.     

Effects of method, rate and timing of slurry application to grassland on the preference by cattle for treated and untreated areas of pasture

Two experiments were conducted in the UK to investigate preference by cattle for areas of pasture treated or untreated with dairy cow slurry. Experiment 1 examined the effects of method and rate of slurry applied to a grass pasture in March (Spring); Experiment 2 examined the effects of method and timing of slurry application after cutting for silage in June (Summer). In both experiments, beef steers grazed grassland plots that had been treated with slurry on one half only of the plots for 4 weeks. Slurry was applied by shallow injection (I), trailing shoe (T) or conventional surface broadcasting (S) techniques. In Experiment 1, slurry was applied at 40 m³ ha^?1 (HI) or 20 m³ ha^?1 (LO) 21 d before grazing commenced; in Experiment 2, slurry was applied at 20 m³ ha^?1 either 32 d (E) or 10 d (L) before grazing commenced. Sward height was measured and animal behaviour was recorded during 8 × 24 h measurement periods in each experiment. Preference for slurry‐treated or untreated swards was indicated by a comparison of post‐grazing sward height on each sward and the proportion of total grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards. In Experiment 1, a smaller proportion of grazing time was spent on slurry‐treated areas of swards compared with untreated areas of swards on all treatments, but the proportion of time spent grazing the slurry‐treated sward was greater on method T than on methods I or S (0·28, 0·31 and 0·39 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·035, P < 0·05). Steers showed no preference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards by 49, 45 and 44 d after slurry application for methods S, I and T respectively. Differences between HI and LO were not significant (P > 0·05). In Experiment 2, aversion to slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards was less for treatment E than for L, with a greater proportion of both residence and grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated sward of treatment E than L (0·43 and 0·28, respectively, for residence time, s.e.d. = 0·025, P < 0·001, and 0·47 and 0·30, respectively, for grazing time, s.e.d. = 0·021, P < 0·001). Significant differences were shown between the methods of slurry application for treatment E, with a greater proportion of grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards of methods I and T than method S (0·40, 0·52 and 0·49 for S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·032, P < 0·001), and a greater difference between post‐grazing heights on slurry‐treated and untreated swards for method S than for I or T (30, 12 and 15 mm, respectively, s.e.d. = 4·8, P < 0·001). For treatment L, differences in the proportion of time spent grazing on slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards were not significant between treatments (0·26, 0·34 and 0·31 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·040, P > 0·05) and indifference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards was achieved 77, 60 and 58 d after slurry spreading for methods S, I and T respectively. These results show that, when slurry is applied to pasture in a grazing rotation, the adverse effects on grazing behaviour associated with conventional surface broadcasting may be overcome by the use of novel slurry application techniques.     

青贮饲料对青贮池墙体侧压力的试验研究

研究青贮饲料对青贮池墙体的侧压力对青贮池结构设计至关重要。为定量分析青贮饲料装填以及车辆碾压饲料时墙体的受力状态,以北京三元绿荷奶牛养殖中心半截河奶牛场青贮池为研究对象,在青贮池墙体上布置压力计,研究了侧压力大小及其变化规律。结果表明：装填青贮饲料时,自墙顶向下在深度为0.65～1.37 m时,侧压力平均值随深度增大而增大;在深度为1.37～2.05 m时,侧压力平均值随深度增加的幅度较小。推土机碾压饲料会增加墙体侧压力,并且侧压力值随推土机和墙体之间距离的变小而增大。侧压力增加值与压力计埋深无明显相关关系。     

立筒仓氮气储粮技术应用试验

立筒仓储粮具有机械化程度高、容量大、占地少的优势,但也存在粮堆高取样难、熏蒸防治操作不便的不足。本文探讨了立筒仓氮气气调的应用:包括气密性改造、气调工艺以及储粮稳定性。试验结果表明应用效果较好,减小了保管员的劳动强度,达到了绿色储粮的目标。