切断传染源与传染途径对防治猪病重要性

近年,生猪养殖产业不断向着集约化规模化方向发展,养殖密度增加的同时,各种传染性疾病呈现高发趋势。猪传染性疾病发生后,会造成生长发育不良,行动迟缓,生理指标失衡,甚至引发死亡,带来的经济损失不可估量,某些人畜共患病还会威胁人类的身体健康。在疫病防控过程中,需要从传染源、传播途径和易感群体等角度出发,减少养殖环境病原数量,切断病原传播途径,保护易感群体,确保生猪健康生长。该文主要结合一个乡镇的疫病流行特点,分析切断传染源和传播途径对防治猪病发生流行的重要性。     

不同纤维原料对肉鸡组织器官发育及胃肠道pH的影响

文章旨在研究不同纤维原料对肉鸡组织器官发育及胃肠道pH的影响。试验选择初始体重为(41.25±1.58)g的1日龄肉仔鸡320只,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只,试验共进行8 d。试验共设计4种日粮,对照组饲喂低纤维水平日粮(中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别是37和16 g/kg),其他3组分别在对照组日粮中添加30 g/kg纤维素、甜菜粕和燕麦皮(添加量等量替代海泡石)。甜菜粕组肉鸡胃肠道相对重量显著高于对照组和纤维素组(P <0.05),而燕麦皮组显著高于对照组和纤维素组(P <0.05)。燕麦皮组肉鸡肌胃相对重量显著高于甜菜粕组(P <0.05),而燕麦皮和甜菜粕组显著高于对照组和纤维素组(P <0.05)。与对照组相比,甜菜粕较对照组显著提高了肌胃内容物相对重量(P <0.05)。与纤维素和燕麦皮组相比,甜菜粕组显著提高了嗉囊pH(P <0.05),降低了腺胃pH(P <0.05)。甜菜粕和燕麦皮组肌胃pH显著低于纤维素和对照组(P <0.05)。甜菜粕组空肠、梅克尔憩室和回肠pH显著高于对照组和燕麦皮组(P <0.05),而纤维素组PH最低(P <0.05)。燕麦皮和纤维素组结肠pH显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。日粮添加甜菜粕和燕麦皮可以提高肉鸡肌胃活力,降低胃肠道前段的pH,但对十二指肠pH无显著影响。燕麦皮对内容物pH和肌胃重量的影响与其具有较高的粒度平均直径有关,甜菜粕的作用主要与其具有较高的系水力和膨胀度有关。     

Interactions between dietary fatty acids and hepatic gene expression in livers of pigs during the weaning period

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of dietary fatty acids (FA) during the weaning period on expression of genes involved in the oxidation and metabolism of FA (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-), stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), Δ6-desaturase (D6D), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS)). Liver samples were obtained from littermates, either on day 28 of age just before weaning, or at day 56 after the 4 weeks ad lib. provision of 5% of either animal fat, fish oil or sunflower oil. In conclusion, genes involved in the regulation of FA conversion (SCD, D6D) were influenced by the n-6 to n-3 ratio, whereas the FA oxidation, as indicated by the expression of PPAR-, was highly likely regulated by the hepatic ratio between mono- and poly-unsaturated FA. Furthermore, weaning and/or age affected the hepatic expression of genes involved in FA synthesis and conversion, but not the expression of PPAR-.     

Genetic Parameters of Disease Incidence,Fertility and Milk Yield of First Parity Cows and the Relation to Feed Intake of Growing Bulls

Abstract

Not much is known about the effect of light sources on behavioural development of laying hens. The effect of natural and artificial light, respectively, on feeding and perching of layers was studied. 126-day-old chicks were divided into 1) A8: 8h artificial light+16h darkness, 2) A16: 16h artificial light+8h darkness, 3) N8: 8h daylight+16h darkness. A8 and N8 birds did not differ in their feeding behaviour, whereas the mean proportion of A16 birds feeding was 0.056 lower than in A8 birds in daytime (P<0.001) and 0.019 lower in nighttime (P<0.0001). N8 birds tended to start nighttime perching earlier than A8 birds (hazard ratio=8.5; P=0.056). These results suggest that chicks can change their feeding behaviour depending on day length. Natural daylight was found to precipitate the onset of nighttime perching in the life of the pullet.     

Influence of varying dietary electrolyte balance on broiler performance under tropical summer conditions

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of varying dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on growth performance and physiological responses in broiler chicks reared during hot summer months (26.1–37.5 °C). The average minimum and maximum room temperatures recorded from 14 to 42 days of age were 26.1 and 37.5 °C, respectively, with relative humidity ranging from 51% to 55%. Five DEB treatments supplying 0, 50, 150, 250 and 350 (Na⁺+K⁺–Cl^?) mEq/kg of diet were prepared by adding NaHCO₃ and/or NH₄Cl to basal diet that contained 185 mEq/kg from 1 to 28 days and 172 mEq/kg from 29 to 42 days. These DEB diets were randomly offered to six experimental units of 20 chicks each. Improved 42‐day body weight gain (BWG), feed:gain (F:G) and reduced mortality was noted with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg compared to DEB 0 and 350 mEq/kg. A quadratic effect of increasing DEB level was observed on BWG and F:G, whereas the effect was linear for feed intake, water intake and litter moisture. The DEB 50, 150 and 250 maintained better blood pH, pCO₂ and HCO₃ concentrations during acute heat stress periods than that of 0 and 350. The blood heterophil and lymphocyte percent as well as heterophil:lymphocyte were remained unaffected. The lowest DEB (0 mEq/kg) diet reduced the feed intake and promoted metabolic acidosis. At 350 mEq/kg DEB, water intake and metabolic alkalosis were promoted probably due to high levels of dietary NaHCO₃. The study concluded that overall better performance was recorded with DEB 50, 150 and 250 mEq/kg. These results indicated that single optimal DEB value could not be recommended to combat heat stress in broilers.     

IMP improves water‐holding capacity,physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels from porcine meat

Water‐holding capacity (WHC) of heat‐induced pork gels was examined. The heat‐induced gels were obtained from meat homogenates prepared by adding nine volumes of 0.3–0.5 mol/L NaCl solutions containing 9–36 mmol/L disodium inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) or 9 mmol/L tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (KPP) to minced pork. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the WHC to the same level as attained by KPP. Physical and sensory properties of heat‐induced gels were also examined. The heat‐induced gels were prepared from porcine meat homogenates containing 0.3 mol/L NaCl and 9–36 mmol/L IMP or 9 mmol/L KPP. IMP at 36 mmol/L enhanced the values of hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and springiness, measured with a Tensipresser, and several organoleptic scores to the same level as the score attained by KPP. Thus, it is concluded that IMP is expected to be a practical substitute for pyrophosphates to improve the quality of sausages.     

基因芯片技术在钩端螺旋体病传染源监测中的应用

为了将合成的核酸探针点样到玻片 上制备成基因芯片,先用常规PCR扩增动物 组织中钩端螺旋体特异片段,再用Cy3标记 引物,通过不对称PCR获取荧光素标记的靶 序列,然后与制备的芯片杂交,扫描仪记录结 果。同时,以PCR技术为对照,进一步观察 基因芯片技术检测动物传染源中钩端螺旋体 的特异性、敏感性及可行性。常规PCR扩增 问号钩端螺旋体阳性标本,出现单一482bp 的扩增产物,而双曲钩端螺旋体及其他螺旋 体、病原、正常动物组织均无任何DNA扩增 条带,芯片杂交结果与常规PCR方法结果一 致。用芯片和PCR对动物组织中不同浓度 钩端螺旋体的检测,最低检测浓度分别为10 条和100条钩端螺旋体,芯片检测的敏感性 高于常规PCR法。用基因芯片与PCR分别 对标本进行检测,5只人工感染的豚鼠肾、 肝、心、血等组织的检测结果均为阳性;28份 疫区野鼠肾标本阳性结果分别为8份和4 份,10份可疑病猪肾标本阳性结果分别7份 和5份;5份非疫区野鼠肾、5份正常猪肾标 本以及其他微生物的检测结果均为阴性。结 果表明,基因芯片技术可快速、灵敏、特异地 检测动物传染源中问号钩端螺旋体。     

热应激对畜禽胃肠道的影响及机制

本文就热应激对畜禽胃肠道结构和功能的影响及其机制最新研究进展作一综述。     

热应激条件下藿朴蒲苓散对育肥羔羊生长性能、消化性能和血清生化指标的影响

针对夏季绵羊遭受严重热应激现状,研究日粮中添加中草药组方(藿朴蒲苓散)对夏季育肥羔羊生长性能、消化性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清生化指标的影响。选择200只体重相近、年龄一致的健康育肥公羔羊,随机分为4组,分别饲喂0%(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%藿朴蒲苓散,试验期30 d,试验期间舍内温湿指数平均达79.11。试验末检测育肥羔羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标。结果表明：1)饲喂0.5%藿朴蒲苓散的羊日增重显著高于对照组(P < 0.01);日饮水量和日采食量在不同组间未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。从生理指标分析,饲喂中草药的羊直肠温度和呼吸频率与对照组比较均未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。2)0.5%组的干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白、钙和磷等养分表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),DM消化率较对照组提高7.20%(P < 0.01),而1.0%和1.5%组的消化率较对照组未表现出显著性差异(P>0.05)。3) 从血清生化指标上,3个给药组的生长激素均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),0.5%组含量最高,较对照组提高16.90%;且0.5%组的甲状腺素含量显著高于其他组(P < 0.05)。4)从瘤胃发酵参数分析,3个给药组总挥发性脂肪酸含量、乙酸和丁酸含量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),分别是对照组的1.19~1.30倍、1.18~1.24倍和1.28~1.43倍。综上,本试验条件下,日粮中添加藿朴蒲苓散有助于缓解育肥羔羊的热应激,添加量以0.5%效果更佳。