黄牛木种群空间分布格局研究

为促进黄牛木Cratoxylum cochinchinense在珠三角地区生态建设中的推广和应用,采用样方调查法,于2016-2017年在广州市和台山市3个黄牛木天然林集中分布区布设样地,通过绘制种群空间分布点位置图,结合方差均值比率法和聚集度指标,分析种群的空间分布类型、聚集程度,从而揭示黄牛木种群的空间分布特性、生...     

水文分异条件下光养生物膜藻类对氮/磷的响应

光养生物膜是河流生态系统中重要的初级生产者,在河流生物地球化学循环中扮演重要角色。然而,河流水文状态及营养盐差异引起的生境异质性对光养生物膜藻类的影响未知。本研究在微型跑道池模拟流水(0.5 m/s)和静水(0 m/s)条件的基础上,通过设置不同浓度氮(1.51, 2.51和5.51 mg/L)、磷(0.1, 0.2和0.4 mg/L)及氮磷比(8, 16和32)条件培养野外采集的原位生物膜及人工基质,探究水文分异和营养变化对河流光养生物膜藻类物种组成及密度的影响。非度量多维排序(NMDS)分析结果表明,差异水文条件下,原位和建群生物膜藻类群落在梯度氮、磷和氮磷比环境中均呈现明显分离(PERMANOVA,P < 0.001),且建群生物膜中各分组藻类群落具有更明显的差异。双因素方差分析结果表明,生物膜中硅藻、蓝藻和绿藻的生长对营养盐与水文变化的响应并不一致,其中磷处理中,磷与流速单一及其交互效应显著影响了大多数藻类的生长及建群(P < 0.001);而氮处理中,氮与流速的交互效应仅对建群生物膜藻类影响显著(P < 0.001)。研究结果也发现,藻类在静水环境更有利于建群生物膜的形成,且静水-高营养盐环境更有利于蓝藻和绿藻的生长。这些结果说明,生物膜建群初期易受到水文扰动的影响,且水文分异和氮、磷影响了光养生物膜藻类的响应模式,研究为河流生态保护提供了新视角。     

浑善达克沙地东部地区天然水体的水化学组成及其控制因素

浑善达克沙地东部地区位于内蒙古高原,其天然水体为淡水。利用原始型Durov三线图对其天然水体进行水化学分类,结果表明,地表水水化学类型属于碳酸氢盐组,而地下水属于碳酸氢盐组、混合组和硫酸盐组多种类型。天然水体样品在Gibbs图中的分布表明,岩性控制是形成该地区天然水体水化学组成的主要因素,这种情况不同于我国西部和中部沙漠由于蒸发强烈而受控于蒸发-结晶作用的天然水体。天然水体的离子比例关系表明,地下水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较高,而碳酸盐岩风化程度低,这可能是由于地下水的水-岩作用时间长、二氧化碳供给不充分引起的;相反,由于水-岩作用时间短、二氧化碳供给充分,地表水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较低,而碳酸盐岩风化程度高。     

控制高径比条件下崩岗土体的收缩开裂特性

崩岗土体的收缩开裂受到多种因素的影响。该研究为研究高径比对其影响,共设计10组高径比,通过定点拍照记录脱湿前与脱湿结束时的土体形态变化,结合数字图像处理技术进行定量分析,探讨在控制高径比条件下崩岗土体的收缩开裂规律。结果表明：1）崩岗4层土中,过渡层的裂隙性、径向收缩性能最强,砂土层最弱,两者之间的较大差异会严重破坏崩岗土体的稳定性与承载力,促使崩壁崩塌;2）高径比较小的试样裂隙发育显著,径向收缩不明显;高径比较大的试样无裂隙发育,径向收缩显著。其中,4层土由干缩开裂土样过渡至径向收缩土样的高径比具体临界值分别位于：0.147～0.160、0.160～0.183、0.160～0.183、0.134～0.147;3）当高径比相同时,即使高度、直径不一致,但其各裂隙参数、径向收缩率具备相似性,轴向收缩率随厚度的增加而增加;4)随高径比的增加,收缩含水率逐渐增大,开裂含水率逐渐减小,两者之间的差值可以表示脱湿过程中土体产生抗拉强度的大小。收缩开裂裂隙度、宽径比、径向收缩率随高径比的增加整体呈现增大的趋势,其余参数均呈现减小的趋势。其中,4层土中,过渡层的收缩开裂特性受高径比影响最显著,砂土层受影响程度最小。研究结果可为揭示崩岗崩塌机理提供科学依据。     

稳定同位素技术分析不同养殖方式下鳙饵料的贡献率

应用碳氮稳定同位素技术分析了不同养殖方式(A组:施肥;B组:施肥+1/2投饲;C组:施肥+投饲;D组:投饲)围隔中鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)肌肉碳氮稳定同位素变化情况,及其可能摄食饵料的贡献率。结果表明,A组鳙肌肉的δ13C和δ15N值分别为(–23.8±0.1)‰和(10.8±0.4)‰,显著高于B组、C组和D组的值(P0.05),后三者之间值没有显著差异。围隔中的食物源有浮游动物、颗粒有机物和饲料,它们的δ13C和δ15N值均低于消费者鳙的同位素值。3种食物在不同养殖方式下的贡献率不同,浮游动物是A组鳙的主要食物来源,平均贡献率为(65.6±3.2)%,饲料是另3个组鳙的主要食物来源,其中B组饲料的贡献率相对较大,达82.1%。说明投饲鳙后,鳙对饲料能够较好地吸收利用,但在池塘中同时培育天然饵料能有效提高饲料的贡献率,减少投饲量,降低残饵的污染。本研究旨为实践养殖中合理投饲鳙的管理技术提供理论依据。     

Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth,body composition and digestive enzyme activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis

This study aimed to determine the optimal protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) and evaluate the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, body composition and digestive enzymes activities in Chinese mitten‐handed crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Nine practical diets containing three levels both for protein (DP 30%, 35% and 40%) and lipid (DL 2%, 7% and 12%) with P/E ratios ranging from 13.69 to 19.79 mg KJ^?1 were fed to four replicates of crabs (3.39 ± 0.10 g) for 10 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with the increase in DP level at each DL level. Moreover, weight gain increased in crabs fed with diets containing DL level from 2% to 12% and DP level from 30% to 35%. However, the diet containing 40% DP and 12% DL levels significantly decreased the growth performance and protein efficiency of the crabs. The whole crab and hepatopancreas lipid contents also increased as dietary lipid increased, but not dietary protein. The total protease activity increased significantly with the increase in dietary protein at each lipid level. The lipase activity was statistically comparable among different DL levels at each DP level. Taken together, the crab fed the diet containing 35% protein and 12% lipid levels with P/E 15.77 mg KJ^?1 revealed optimal growth, feed utilization efficiency and digestive enzymes activities. Moreover, our study indicated that the higher dietary lipid level at a relatively lower dietary protein level could provide protein sparing effect in Eriocheir sinensis.     

The effect of C/N ratio on bacterial community and water quality in a mussel‐fish integrated system

A 30‐day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of C/N ratio on water quality and bacterial community in an integrated system comprising one molluscan species (pearl mussel Hyriopsis cumingii) and two fish species (gibel carp Carassius gibelio and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at five C/N ratios (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14). The mussel and fishes were reared in the experimental tanks (400 L), but gibel carp received formulated feed. Water quality in the experimental tanks was analysed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30, and bacterial community in the water column and sediment was analysed on day 30. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon accumulated in the tanks over time. Ammonia and nitrite decreased with the increase in C/N ratio. Bacterial community in the water column and sediment changed at the phylum and genus levels with the increase in C/N ratio, and the critical C/N ratio causing a functional shift of bacterial community occurred at 10 in water column and 12 in sediment. The increase in C/N ratio benefited the growth of both potential probiotics and pathogenic bacteria. The high C/N ratio enhanced the bacterial functions of chemoheterotrophy and hydrocarbon degradation, but depressed the functions of nitrification and denitrification in the water column and sediment respectively. This study reveals that the C/N ratio can be used as a tool to manipulate the bacterial community and water quality in the mussel‐fish integrated system.     

绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应

为了探究高氨养殖废水中一定比例的硝态氮对绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)生长及生理特征的影响,采用营养液培养,在总氮浓度为15 mmol/L的条件下,以纯铵处理为对照(CK),设置NH+4∶NO-3=3∶1(以N3∶1表示)和NH+4∶NO-3=1∶1(以N1∶1表示)两个处理,研究绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应。结果显示,培养至第21天,N1∶1处理的相对生物量和相对茎高分别为13.17 g和35.31 cm,显著低于N3∶1(19.59 g,41.78 cm)和CK组(17.82 g, 38.82 cm)(P<0.05)。不同处理下叶片中的氮含量为50.38~58.82 mg/g,显著高于茎中氮含量26.96~35.42 mg/g;但叶片中磷含量5.17~7.38 mg/g显著低于茎中的磷含量8.44~9.88 mg/g(P<0.05)。培养至第21天时,CK、N3∶1、N1∶1处理之间的叶片磷含量(6.76、7.06、7.38 mg/g)差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),表现为N1∶1> N3∶1>CK。N1∶1和N3∶1处理叶片(7.03、6.75 mg/g)和茎中(6.43、5.04 mg/g)的可溶性糖含量均显著高于CK(3.58、3.27 mg/g)(P<0.05)。N1∶1处理叶片和茎中的叶绿素含量均显著高于CK和N3∶1处理(P<0.05)。研究表明,当处理中添加少量或不添加硝态氮时,有利于绿狐尾藻生长和生物量增加;当处理中硝态氮含量相对较高时,植株叶绿素和可溶性糖含量增加,同时吸收磷的能力增强。绿狐尾藻在不同铵硝配比的水体中均能保持良好的生长状态和较强的氮磷吸收能力,该结果为绿狐尾藻高效净化不同来源的养殖废水提供了理论依据。     

Structural and Rheological Characteristics of Alginate from Sargassum cristaefolium Extracted by Twin Screw Extruder

This study aimed to investigate the effects of process extrusion on the characteristics of Sargassum cristaefolium sodium alginate (SCSA) extracted using twin-screw extruder. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) from response surface methodology (RSM) was established to understand the effects of temperature, screw speed, and pH on the multiple-responses of alginate characteristics including intrinsic viscosity, yield, and molecular weight. The results revealed that temperature, screw speed, and pH significantly affected (P < .05) all responses. The optimum extraction condition was found at temperature of 58.18°C, screw speed of 77.99 rpm, and pH 10.11. At this condition, the response of residence time distribution was 7.07 ± 0.029 min, yield of 34.01 ± 0.12%, intrinsic viscosity of 460.13 ± 14.75 mL/g, and molecular weight of 217.94 ± 7.14 × 10³ g/mol. This alginate had mannuronic acid to guluronic acid (M/G) ratio of 0.28, and the L-guluronic acid block was 0.78, which was higher than the D-mannuronic acid block. Rheological characterization of SCSA in aqueous solution was shear-thinning pseudoplastic, and alginate gel in 1 M CaCl₂ was more elastic than liquid.     

黄颡鱼幼鱼对饲料中蛋白质和能量需要量的研究

以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源、大豆油为脂质源配制成3个蛋白质水平(35%、40%和45%)×2个能量水平(1.5×104J/g和1.6×104J/g)的6种试验饲料,投喂平均体重为(4.7±0.6)g的黄颡鱼,进行蛋白质和能量需要量的研究。经62 d饲养表明:黄颡鱼幼鱼配合饲料中的适宜蛋白质含量为41.47%~43.38%,最佳能量蛋白比为40.17。在6组试验饲料中,当蛋白质含量为40.38%,能量为1.622×104J/g时,体重增长率,蛋白质效率,肥满度均为最大值,分别为132.93%、1.14和1.76,饲料系数最低为2.17。