20年来西安市工业发展与大气环境质量变化的关系

选取了1985-2005年的相关数据,采用3次非线性的环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,分析了经济转型期西安市工业发展与大气环境质量变化的关系。结果发现:近20年来随着西安市能源结构、产业结构的调整和淘汰外迁重污染企业,工业发展与大气环境质量跨过EKC曲线的"高山"进入两者协调发展的新阶段。以SO2、粉尘和工业废气排放总量为指标,随着工业生产总值的增长三类污染物排放总量出现下降趋势;以大气中SO2、NO和TSP为指标,随着人均GDP的增长三类污染物的年平均浓度逐渐下降,这反应出已实施的环境经济政策与措施发挥了良好的效果;然而,随着城市规模的扩大和现有措施边际效率的递减,近年来三类工业废气排放总量出现了明显的反弹趋势,应引起相关部门重视并提出新的更严格的环境保护措施。     

农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践——水环境生态修复技术

当前,我国农村水体普遍污染严重,作为农村面源污染治理技术体系中的最后一环,农村水环境生态修复技术的实施具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在自己已有工作的基础上,总结和梳理了国内外适合我国农村的水环境生态修复技术,并分别按技术原理进行了阐述。研究表明,其中的生态浮床技术具有投资少、见效快、管理方便等优点,是一种行之有效的水体原位生态修复技术,尤其是采用水稻等能产生经济效益的植物作为浮床植物,不仅可以改善水质,其收益也能补偿部分投资成本;水生植物恢复技术是提高水体自净能力、恢复水生态系统结构和功能的必然选择,按照目标要求进行水生植物恢复,可以有效降低水体污染物浓度,促进水生态系统良性发展;以土壤生物工程为主的生态护坡技术适合我国农村河道的边坡修复,河岸植被群落能够得到良好恢复,坡岸土壤侵蚀和农业面源污染均能得到有效控制。生态修复技术的应用需与生态拦截技术和养分利用技术相协调,要以不同功能和目标需求为导向,注重采用组合技术工艺进行修复,以提高水环境生态修复的效果。     

河北省曲周盐渍化地区微咸水灌溉对土壤环境效应的影响

在田间条件下，利用微咸水和淡水对河北省曲周盐渍化地区冬小麦进行灌溉试验，对冬小麦耗水量及其构成以及土壤环境效应等方面进行了研究和分析。两年的研究结果表明在小麦生长季灌溉过多，不利于作物根系深扎，不能充分利用土壤水分，造成水资源的浪费。利用微咸水进行灌溉增加了土壤盐分，使土地质量有着潜在恶化的趋势；在小麦收获时土壤表层溶液电导率可达10 dS/m左右，如不采取适当的田间管理措施，土壤盐分将危害下一季作物生长。如合理利用，可充分发挥此地区地下浅层微咸水资源的生产潜力，可缓解该地区的水资源紧张，促进农业发展；但微咸水灌溉的长期土壤环境效应需进一步研究。     

The Relationship Between Vegetation Characteristics and Altitudes in Transitional Permafrost Zone in Xidatan,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Many studies showed that permafrost has profound influence on alpine ecosystem. However, former researches were mainly focused on typical points by temporal scales. There were few studies about the correlation between vegetation characteristics and different altitudes covering a large region in spatial pattern, especially in transitional permafrost(TP). There were continuous permafrost(CP) discontinuous permafrost(DCP) and seasonal frozen ground(SFG) in this study region. The types of permafrost changed from SFG to DCP, and finally become CP as the altitudes of Xidatan increase. In this paper, 112 845 points interpreted by HJ1-B(environment and disaster monitoring and prediction small satellite constellation), vegetation investigation points, thawing layer thickness research sites, ground temperature and water content observation plots were used to examine the spatial pattern of vegetation which were located in different altitudes in Xidatan, a typical TP region, in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Vegetation characteristics, soil moisture content(SMC) and thaw depths were collected in 15 August to 25 August2012. Characteristics of vegetation were mainly represented by fractional vegetation cover(FVC) derived from the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI), as well as above ground biomass(AGB). In this paper, we analyzed that the distinction of vegetation characteristics in each range through statistics data. These ranges were divided by varied altitudes. For examples, the ranges were divided into 50 m or 100 m. In this study we use a large area plots method to further discuss the relationship between the features of vegetation and the different regions of permafrost based on altitudes shifts in Xidatan. A diagram described the vegetation characteristics variability with rising altitudes in transitional permafrost region was drawn in this paper. Our results illustrated the FVCs first increased in SFG region and then decreased in DCP zone slowly, and in CP region FVCs soared then dropped dramatically. With the altitudes increased, the curve of FVCs indicated a parabolic distribution except a little difference in the first 200 m range.     

我国公众环境知情权面临的困境及解决途径

环境知情权是公众享有的了解其生活、学习及工作等周围环境的基本权利,是参与环境管理的前提。应健全法律法规中环境知情权的相关规定,建立环境信息公开制度,扩大环境知情权的权力主体,明确企业的环境信息公开义务,建立环境知情权的诉讼机制,发挥民间环保组织的作用。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地玉米田土壤环境及玉米产量的影响

分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖及露地栽培3种不同处理对旱地玉米田土壤环 境、玉米产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤 水分利用率,调节土温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特 别是速效钾含量;在玉米生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能,提高玉米的光合能力从而 防止玉米早衰,增加穗重,提高玉米产量。     

Contracting for Migration for the Reason of Zoological Environment

Migration for the reason of zoological environment is the measure for solving the crisis of zoological environment. Nowadays, governments play the chief role in the Migration for the reason of zoological environment, but the migration themselves do not have the freedom to decide whether migrate or not. Because the activity of migration is related to the restraint of economy, culture, law, etc. It is the object of migration that protect the zoological environment and improve the welfare of habitant, which must be concerned when constructing the systems of migration. This paper proves the possibility of contracting for migration based on the methodology of the cost-income analysis. On the other hand, it also argues for changing the mode of migration from that controlled by governments to being decided by habitant themselves.     

贮藏环境乙烯对不同低温下库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响

以新疆库尔勒香梨为试材,研究其在-1℃和2℃下不同乙烯浓度(0,自发气调,100μL/L)环境中果实外观色泽和内在品质等的变化规律。结果表明,与环境中的乙烯相比,温度对贮藏期间的果实品质影响较大;贮藏于-1℃的果实果皮颜色保持较好,硬度较高,腐烂率较低,而贮藏于2℃的果实品质则相对较差;相同温度条件下,处于自发气调环境中的果实腐烂率较低,果柄保鲜指数较高,但不同乙烯浓度处理对库尔勒香梨果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量以及VC含量等品质指标的影响无明显规律性。     

江阴市耕地重金属污染及其评价

江阴市在2004年对全市耕地和灌溉水的主要污染物质─重金属进行了较为全面的调查,对土壤和灌溉水进行了多种评价分析。结果显示:全市90%以上的耕地安全、清洁,97%以上的耕地没有受到重金属污染。并对调查结果进行了分析,提出了初步的对策与建议。     

基于多源遥感数据的土地整治生态环境质量动态监测

土地整治生态转型是土地整治发展的必然趋势,在项目区尺度进行科学合理、客观直接、长期全面的生态环境质量监测评估具有重要意义。该研究基于多源遥感数据,选取典型土地整治项目,运用主成分分析法构建RSEI(remote sensing ecological index)模型,反演得到湿度、绿度、热度、干度指标以及RSEI指数,实现对项目区整治过程中生态环境质量变化的监测与分析。研究结果表明:1)湿度和绿度指标对项目区生态环境质量具有正向作用,而热度和干度指标起负向作用,且干度指标的影响最大;2)RSEI总均值在整治前、中、后分别为0.652、0.572和0.605;RSEI等级中的优良等级在整治前、中、后所占比例分别为78.73%、39.55%和63.29%;RSEI变差、不变和变好的比例分比为42.55%、46.25%和11.20%;3)项目区生态环境质量呈现"先下降-后上升-整体下降"的态势,表现为"整治期变差-恢复期变好-全过程变差"的总体特征,土地整治对项目区生态环境的扰动具有持续性,区域生态环境恢复与改善存在滞后期,在项目竣工5年后项目区的生态环境质量水平仍低于整治前。