冀北山地杨桦次生林林分空间结构研究

在木兰林管局桃山林场选取面积为100 m×100 m的杨桦次生林样地,以每株林木树高、胸径和坐标为基础数据,运用混交度、大小比数和角尺度等林分空间结构参数分析了杨桦次生林的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)该林分中山杨Populus davidiana和白桦Betula platyphylla在株数和断面积比例上占优势,为林分内优势树种;(2)林分各混交类型的比例相差不大,林分整体呈中度混交状态;(3)林分优势木和亚优势木相对较多,基于胸径、树高得到的平均大小比数结果基本一致,均能客观反映林分的分化规律;(4)林分平均角尺度为0.504,属于随机分布,林下伴生树种以集聚分布为主,但优势树种的随机分布趋势起决定作用。     

抚育间伐对小兴安岭天然次生林中云杉、冷杉的碳密度分配与竞争的影响

间伐改变林分环境,也对林木生长、森林碳储量及林木竞争关系造成一定影响,研究15%、25%、35% 3个间伐强度处理8 a后小兴安岭天然次生林中杉木的径阶分布、碳密度分配特征及竞争指数,对森林经营的指导和森林碳汇发展有重要意义。结果表明,35%抚育间伐强度均使杉木径阶分布频率偏离正态性;间伐改变了林木各器官碳密度的分配,其趋势是随着间伐强度的增大树干碳密度占总量的比例先减小再增加,而树枝生物量分配规律则呈逐渐减小的趋势;25%和35%间伐强度,杉木地上部分的生物量和碳密度均显著大于对照样地,其中25%间伐强度时生物量和碳密度最大,而15%间伐强度的杉木生物量与对照样地无显著差异,而碳密度却小于对照样地;同CK相比,T₁₅样地杉木的Hegyi竞争指数减少了2.05%,而T₂₅、T₃₅分别增加了36.07%和14.66%;冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,Hegyi竞争指数、间伐强度共同解释了碳密度变化的61.3%,且Hegyi竞争指数增长不利于林分碳密度增加,竞争压力通过改变各器官的碳密度来响应。     

2种抗光肩星天牛杨树树皮和木质部生化物质分析

以新疆杨和沙林杨为对象,检测其在未受害和受害状态下树皮和木质部的生化物质含量或活性,从生化角度探讨2树种的抗虫机制。结果表明,未受害新疆杨树皮糖含量最高,受害沙林杨木质部糖含量最低;蛋白含量在受害新疆杨木质部最高,在未受害沙林杨木质部最低。在未受害情况下,沙林杨树皮中槲皮苷和白杨甙含量均高于在新疆杨树皮中的含量,而亚麻木酚素和类黄酮含量均低于在新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的总酚含量高于在新疆杨木质部的含量。受害后,除单宁和类黄酮外,其他次生代谢物在沙林杨树皮中的含量均显著低于新疆杨树皮中的含量;沙林杨木质部的毛蕊花糖苷含量显著高于新疆杨木质部,白杨甙和总酚苷则相反。防御酶类测定结果显示,未受害沙林杨树皮中的SOD酶活性低于新疆杨中的活性,而PPO酶相反。受害后,沙林杨树皮中的PAL和木质部的PPO酶活性分别显著低于在新疆杨树皮和木质部中的活性;沙林杨树皮中的SOD活性显著低于其在木质部的活性;POD酶在沙林杨受害树皮中的活性最高,在受害木质部中的活性也显著高于在未受害木质部中的活性。因此,沙林杨树皮和木质部中的POD和SOD酶与防御天牛危害有关,新疆杨受害木质部中的PAL和PPO酶升高与光肩星天牛的钻蛀有关。     

拟无枝酸菌宿主构建及次级代谢基因簇异源表达

为将生长快、发酵时间短、遗传操作便捷的稀有放线菌拟无枝酸菌TNS106开发成异源表达宿主,通过同源重组将内源的瑞斯托霉素生物合成关键基因rpsA替换为ΦC31和ΦBT1噬菌体细菌附着位点attB,清除代谢背景并引入整合位点,得到菌株HXR1;将含有来自天蓝色链霉菌的放线紫红素基因簇或来自刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素基因簇的质粒转到HXR1进行异源表达,检测发酵产物。结果显示,HXR1成功表达放线紫红素和多杀菌素;与红色糖多孢菌宿主LJ161相比,放线紫红素的产生提前1 d,产量提高1.3倍。拟无枝酸菌异源表达宿主HXR1可为从链霉菌和稀有放线菌中发现新的次级代谢产物提供有用的平台。     

促进堆肥二次发酵真菌在堆肥中的应用效果

【目的】二次发酵是实现鸡粪等养殖废弃物功能价值提高的关键阶段,本研究旨在将前期筛选得到的真菌应用于鸡粪堆肥的二次发酵阶段,探讨其促进二次发酵的效果并对其进行鉴定,为今后鸡粪的高值化与资源化利用提供理论依据和支撑。【方法】以鸡粪一次发酵产物为原料,添加实验室前期筛选的2株真菌（分别为FCM1和FCM3）进行二次发酵试验。共设置3个处理,分别为对照CK：原料中加入1%（体积L∶干物质量kg）无菌液体培养基;F1：原料中加入1% FCM1菌液;F3：原料中加入1% FCM3菌液。在二次发酵的不同时期,分析测定堆体温度、pH、电导率（EC）、铵态氮、硝态氮、种子发芽指数以及腐殖酸等指标。【结果】与对照相比,添加真菌主要促进了二次发酵阶段快速升温和腐殖化过程快速进行。与未接菌处理相比,真菌FCM3使堆料提前8 d进入升温期,真菌FCM1效果不佳,且在一定程度上延后了鸡粪堆肥的二次发酵。F3处理高温阶段（>50℃）持续了13 d,堆料的GI比对照处理提前25 d达到80%,且腐殖化程度较高（PHA=74.58%,PHA：胡敏酸/总腐殖酸）。相关分析表明,GI与pH、PHA显著正相关,与EC显著负相关。经形态和ITS rDNA测序等方法鉴定,FCM3为链格孢菌。【结论】真菌FCM3能够在一定程度上促进鸡粪堆肥二次发酵的进行,提高堆料的腐殖化程度。     

不同种质番茄材料抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病特性研究

以不同种质番茄为实验材料,利用苗期农杆菌接种法接种番茄黄化曲叶病毒(tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV),采用实时定量PCR和生理生化方法评价对TYLCV的抗性,统计分析不同抗性番茄材料不同发病时期的表型特征、带毒率、抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量的变化情况,并分析各抗性指标之间的关系。结果表明,番茄材料带毒率为100%;853没有任何感病症状,802与803感病最为严重;抗氧化酶活性、总酚与类黄酮含量及抗性基因表达量在各时期均较高的有867、857、853,817与842次之,803最低。SOD活性、CAT活性、APX活性、总酚含量、类黄酮含量、Ty-1基因、Ty-2和Ty-3基因的表达量相互之间均呈极显著正相关(总酚与Ty-1之间为显著正相关,P<0.01)。番茄植株感染TYLCV后,Ty-1的表达相比于其他抗病基因具有延迟性。综合分析筛选出867、857、853三种抗病性较强的材料,植株体内的抗性基因、抗氧化酶、总酚与类黄酮之间呈正相关,共同提高了番茄植株对TYLCV的抗性。     

Effects of aromatase inhibitors on reproduction in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, exposed to long and short photoperiods

Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, males were implanted with Silastic capsules filled with different aromatase inhibitors; 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione or the non-steroidal CGS16949 A, 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydrimidazol [1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl) benzonitrile monohydrochloride or empty capsules. The fish were then exposed to long or short photoperiod. Under the long photoperiod most fish in all treatments displayed a hypertrophied kidney (a secondary sexual character in sticklebacks) and completed, quiescent spermatogenesis, similar as in the natural spawning period. Under the short photoperiod the controls had unstimulated kidneys and an active spermatogenesis, whereas the males implanted with both aromatase inhibitors had stimulated kidneys, though not to the extent as in the long photoperiod, and completed, quiescent spermatogenesis. These findings suggest that aromatization is of importance for the inhibitory effects of short photoperiod on reproduction in the stickleback. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Site of acid-base relevant ion transfer in the gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to environmental hypercapnia

In order to delineate the contribution of primary vs. secondary circulatory circuits in the gill for acid-base and ionic regulation, the flow and composition of the fluids in the central venous sinus (CVS) and the systemic circuit of rainbow trout were studied by application of a previously developed microcannulation technique during normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions. The average haematocrit (Hct) of blood from dorsal aorta (DA) and sinus venosus (SV) ranged from 20.1 to 26.7%, whereas average Hct in the fluid from the branchial vein (BV), representing drainage from the central venous sinus (CVS), was in the range of 4.2 to 7.0%. Under normocapnic conditions, the largest fraction of cardiac output, 92.9%, was directed through the systemic vascular circuit, whereas the CVS circuit was perfused with 7.1 % of cardiac output. Hypercapnia did not significantly affect the blood flow distribution between the two circuits. The pattern of acid-base regulation in dorsal aortic blood reflected the characteristic response of fish exposed to environmental hypercapnia. Upon initiation of environmental hypercapnia (2% CO₂), plasma P_{CO 2} was elevated in all three flow compartments (CVS, DA, SV), inducing an extracellular respiratory acidosis of about 0.4 pH units. pH and [HCO₃ ^-] values in the DA were consistently lower, than those for both CVS and SV sites throughout the hypercapnic period. During the 8h of exposure plasma bicarbonate concentration was elevated by about 12 mM, complemented by a fall in extracellular [Cl^-] of about 10 mM in all three compartments. The amount of HCO₃ ^- gained at the CVS site during 8h of hypercapnia (3.3 mmol · kg^-1) exceeds the amount accumulated in the extracellular space (2.1 mmol·kg^-1), suggesting the CVS as the main site of ionic acid-base regulation in trout.     

中华绒螯蟹副性征的研究

在解剖、测量性成熟和未成熟中华绒螯蟹外部形态和性腺之基础上,试用“双百分率法”和“差异显著性检测法”对中华绒螯蟹的副性征进行了研究。结果表明,性成熟后的雌、雄中华绒螯蟹均具有较明显的副性征。     

Marine Low Molecular Weight Natural Products as Potential Cancer Preventive Compounds

Due to taxonomic positions and special living environments, marine organisms produce secondary metabolites that possess unique structures and biological activities. This review is devoted to recently isolated and/or earlier described marine compounds with potential or established cancer preventive activities, their biological sources, molecular mechanisms of their action, and their associations with human health and nutrition. The review covers literature published in 2003–2013 years and focuses on findings of the last 2 years.