基于森林空间收获问题的模拟退火算法邻域搜索技术比较

邻域搜索是当前提高启发式算法求解效率的核心技术之一,然而近期关于该搜索策略的性能却产生了较大争议。模拟退火算法作为一种典型的启发式算法,已广泛应用于一系列的林业规划问题。为此,本研究以模拟退火算法为例,系统评估2种不同邻域搜索技术在森林空间收获安排问题中的应用效果。规划模型以50年规划周期(10个规划分期)内的最大化木材收获为目标函数,以蓄积均衡收获、蓄积期末存量、单位限制模型和绿量限制等为主要约束条件。测试方法以模拟退火算法为原型,以每次优化过程中随机选择的小班数量为标准,共包括1-邻域和2-邻域2种不同的搜索技术。模拟规划数据由3个假设的栅格数据集组成,其共产生了3293个(林分Ⅰ)、29536个(林分Ⅱ)和81625个(林分Ⅲ)0-1型决策变量。研究结果表明:模拟退火算法2-邻域搜索技术能够提高各规划问题的最大目标函数值;但当规划问题的决策变量数(或小班数量)较大时(即林分数量≥3600),单纯增加邻域范围并不能提高规划问题的平均目标函数值。因此,鉴于模拟退火算法的优化结果对规划问题具有较高的敏感性,因此森林经营决策人员应慎重选择模拟退火算法邻域搜索作为相关规划问题的优化求解技术。      

Application of system dynamics approach for time varying water balance in aerobic paddy fields

Increasing water scarcity has necessitated the development of irrigated rice systems that require less water than the traditional flooded rice. The cultivation of aerobic rice is an effort to save water in response to growing worldwide water scarcity with the pressure to reduce water use and increase water productivity. An accurate estimation of different water balance components at the aerobic rice fields is essential to achieve effective use of limited water supplies. Some field water balance components, such as percolation, capillary rise and evapotranspiration, can not be easily measured; therefore a soil water balance model is required to develop and to test water management strategies. This paper presents results of a study to quantify time varying water balance under a critical soil water tension based irrigation criteria for the cultivation of non-ponded “aerobic rice” fields along the lower parts of the Yellow River. Based on the analysis and integration of existing field information on the hydrologic processes in an aerobic rice field, this paper outlines the general components of the water balance using a conceptual model approach. The time varying water balance is then analyzed using the feedback relations among the hydrologic processes in a commercial dynamic modeling environment, Vensim. The model simulates various water balance components such as actual evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff, and capillary rise in the aerobic rice field on a daily basis. The model parameters are validated with the observed experimental field data from the Huibei Irrigation Experiment Station, Kaifeng, China. The validated model is used to analyze irrigation application soil water tension trigger under wet, dry and average climate conditions using daily time steps. The scenario analysis show that to conserve scarce water resources during the average climate years the irrigation scheduling criteria can be set as −30 kPa average root zone soil water tension; whereas it can be set at −70 kPa during the dry years, however, the associated yields may reduce. Compared with the flooded lowland rice and other upland crops, with these two alternatives irrigation event triggers, aerobic rice cultivation can lead to significant water savings.     

改进粒子群算法在车间作业调度中的研究

车间作业调度（JSP）是典型的NP难题,传统求解方法都有各自的特色和不足。免疫系统强大的信息处理能力为人工免疫应用提供了丰富的暗示,因此,免疫算法被提出,并逐渐应用于许多工程实际。针对车间作业调度这个优化问题的难处理性,提出了基于免疫粒子群算法（IPA）的JSP求解方法。在该求解方法中,结合免疫原理和粒子群算法应用于JSP的算法流程;算法采用基于操作的编码方式;依据接种疫苗和变异、免疫选择的机制来设计算子。并通过仿真,证明了IPA算法在JSP中的有效性。     

滴灌大豆需水规律及灌溉制度研究

在滴灌条件下,分别设置295 mm、345 mm、395 mm、445 mm这4个不同的灌水处理;同时设置1个沟灌处理为对照,对不同灌水量处理的大豆田间土壤水分动态及大豆田间耗水规律进行分析研究,初步确立在石河子地区,滴灌大豆适宜的灌溉制度参数为:灌溉定额为395～445 mm,灌水定额为35～45 mm,苗期和成熟期取下限,灌水周期为7 d;花荚期和鼓粒期取上限,灌水周期5 d,整个生育期灌水13次.     

Charts for Guiding Irrigation in Real Time

In order to adjust correctly the irrigationcalendar to actual weather and waterlimiting conditions, farmers requireguidelines to help them in their day to daydecisions. In this paper a procedure isoutlined to present such guidelines in theform of a single chart. On the chartinformation concerning the irrigationinterval and irrigation duration ispresented. Tables guide the user (i) toadjust the irrigation interval to theactual weather conditions throughout thegrowing season and (ii) to select theduration of the water application as afunction of the characteristics of theirrigation system. In case of watershortage during a particular period,additional data informs the user on thesensitivity of the crop to water stress. Anexample is presented for drip irrigatedtomatoes in the region of Tunis on afluvisol.     

Structuring a landscape by forestland classification and harvest scheduling spatial constraints

Landscape environmental features, such as disturbance susceptibility, biological diversity and aesthetics, depend on the forest spatial structure and on the characteristics of its component stands. Strategies for forestland classification are key for managing for spatial heterogeneity as they provide the setting for the layout of land use activities. The design of management units boundaries may further contribute to meet specific spatial conditions. In this paper, two alternative land-classification strategies are presented. They are applied to one test forest with about 12,000 ha. The forest management is constrained by the definition of an exclusion period — the minimum number of years between clearcuts of adjacent management units. Land transformation and fragmentation by harvest scheduling over a temporal horizon with eight ten-year periods is analyzed within the framework of each strategy. Landscape mosaics in each planning period are characterized by spatial statistics, such as the number of patches, average patch area, and the amount and type of edge and interior space. Results from three test computer runs are discussed. They show that land classification has a substantial impact on the spatial dynamics of the forested landscape. They further suggest that timber opportunity costs are not sensitive to the strategy used to classify the land as long as a scheduling model is used to help in management planning.     

渭北旱塬沟壑区苹果节水灌溉制度分析

为了探讨渭北旱塬沟壑区盛果期苹果不同水文年的节水灌溉制度,选取洛川县为代表性区域,利用该县近56年的月气象资料,基于水量平衡原理,分析了陕西省两个不同成熟期的苹果品种(中熟嘎拉、晚熟富士)在不同节水灌溉模式下(管灌、滴灌)各水文年的充分与非充分灌溉制度。结果表明:1不同成熟期苹果各水文年均应补灌,补灌时间和灌水量主要集中在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期。2中熟品种充分灌溉在湿润年、平水年、干旱年、特旱年的灌水次数分别为2、3、3、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为60、85、120、165 mm,管灌为90、130、180、245 mm;非充分灌溉各水文年的灌水次数为1、2、3、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为45、70、110、150 mm,管灌为65、110、170、220mm。3晚熟品种充分灌溉在相应水文年的灌水次数分别为2、3、4、4次,相应灌溉定额滴灌为65、90、125、160 mm,管灌为95、140、195、240 mm;非充分灌溉各水文年的灌水次数为2、3、3、4次,相应滴灌灌溉定额为55、75、120、150mm,管灌灌溉定额为85、125、175、220 mm。     

幼龄期压砂地枸杞产量和品质多指标耦合灌溉制度优化

为提高宁夏中部干旱带幼龄期压砂地枸杞灌水效率,保障枸杞产量和品质,进行了3水平灌水定额(300、225 m~3·hm~(-2)和150 m~3·hm~(-2))的田间对比试验,采用综合指标增量最优方法对灌溉制度进行了优化。研究发现:枸杞5月上旬萌芽期耗水以土壤蒸发为主,日耗水量0.6～1.2 mm,6月中旬进入夏果花期耗水量增大,日耗水量2.5～3.7 mm,7月中旬枸杞夏果期耗水量继续增大,达2.4～4.3 mm,7月下旬日耗水量最大,为3.2～4.7 mm,8月中旬耗水量下降,日耗水量3.0～4.2 mm。灌水定额对枸杞产量影响显著(P0.05),灌水定额300 m~3·hm~(-2)时产量最高,为1 402.65 kg·hm~(-2);灌水定额225 m~3·hm~(-2)时枸杞多糖、β-胡萝卜素和黄酮较高,含量分别为4.56%、0.15%和0.41%;灌水定额150 m~3·hm~(-2)时枸杞甜菜碱含量较高,为0.77%。进一步通过综合指标增量最优方法进行优化,结果表明β-胡萝卜素含量最高时得到综合指标增量最大,为-5.4%,总耗水量为450 mm。枸杞夏果花期进入需水关键期,阶段耗水量达70 mm以上,进入6月中旬枸杞需水量增大,旬耗水量达29 mm以上。可见,幼龄期压砂地枸杞产量及品质指标均达到最优的耗水量较难获得,但是在β-胡萝卜素含量最高时可以获得产量和品质多指标耦合的最优耗水量,据此进行灌溉制度优化,可以一定程度上实现幼龄期压砂地枸杞优质高产。     

考虑负载变化率情况下最佳有功发电分配

本文给出考虑负载变化率情况下有功发电分配的最佳方法。最佳问题采用对偶线性规划法求解。该方法比较可靠,快速,灵活,易于程序编制而且要求内存较少。文中给出一个23个节点,30条线路及24台发电机的系统,结果包括不同经济分配间隔及系统负荷变化时的有功发电分配。     

虚拟企业协商项目规划问题的建模方法

项目驱动的虚拟企业协商项目规划问题是一个复杂的多维决策问题,文章提供了协商项目规划问题的数学描述,给出了将复杂的、规模大的多维协商项目规划决策问题进行近似简化的串行协商规划、并行协商规划和混合协商规划的建模方法,并对三种方法进行了理论分析和实例仿真比较.