“数字清江”实时水情调度联合计

为了快速、准确的分析水情实况、预测未来的发展趋势，结合清江流域防洪减灾工作实际情况，设计了实时水情调度联合计算方案。根据清江流域地理位置的特点，将其分为7个子流域，依次进行降雨径流预报、洪水演算，为防洪减灾提供真实有效的决策依据。通过对该方案的分析，探讨了设计思路，并给出了其实现机理。该方案已在“数字清江”项目中得到成功应用。     

Canopy temperature based system effectively schedules and controls center pivot irrigation of cotton

Cotton is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth pattern that is typically produced like an annual, but requires proper management to effectively produce high yields and good fiber quality in a thermally limited environment like the northern Texas High Plains. In 2007 and 2008, we investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling/control method and amount on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and water use efficiency. Methods were automatic irrigation scheduling and control of a center pivot system, and manually scheduled irrigation to replenish soil-water to field capacity. Cotton was irrigated with LEPA (low energy, precision application) drag socks in furrow dikes; three blocks were irrigated manually and three were irrigated automatically. Six replicates of the manual and automatic irrigation treatments were included in the randomized block design. Manual irrigations were based on the weekly replenishment of soil-water to field capacity in the top 1.5 m of the soil profile and included a fully irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀), and treatments receiving 67% (I₆₇) and 33% (I₃₃) of the I₁₀₀ amount, plus a non-irrigated treatment (I₀). Automatic irrigations were triggered using a time temperature threshold (TTT) algorithm, which was designated as the I₁₀₀ treatment, and treatments receiving 67%, 33%, and 0% of that amount (I₆₇, I₃₃ and I₀, respectively). In 2007, overall mean lint yields (102.3 and 101.6 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) were not significantly different. Similarly, yields were not significantly different across automatic and manual treatments in the same treatment level, with the exception of the I₆₇ treatment where the manual treatment yields were 11% greater. In 2008, the mean yields were 70% less than those in 2007 for both methods of irrigation (30.3 and 30.9 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) due to harsh climatic conditions at emergence and heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures in the month of August. Yields from the automatically irrigated plots in the I₁₀₀ and I₆₇ treatments, however, were significantly greater than yields from the corresponding manually irrigated plots; though there was no significant difference between yields in the drier treatments (I₃₃ and I₀) plots. These results indicate that the TTT algorithm is a promising method for auto-irrigation scheduling of short season cotton in an arid region. However, further studies are essential to demonstrate consistent positive outcomes.     

基于GIS和GPS的采棉机跨区作业调度与服务系统设计

精细农业是21世纪农业发展的主要方向,随着农业机械化的深入发展,农机规模作业和跨区域作业已成为趋势。为此,针对兵团棉花机械收获实际,将GPS与GIS技术相结合,设计了一套采棉机实时监控、调度与服务系统。该系统可实现在遥感影像地图上实时显示采棉机的位置,对采棉机作业进行监控,辅助农机管理人员科学有效地对采棉机进行调度和管理,从而提高采棉机的作业效率和机采棉公司的经济效益。     

基于电网自动化调度管理的电网安全稳定运行

经济的发展带动了电力行业的发展,这对于电网调度安全管理工作的要求也提升到了一个新的高度。当前电网调度管理逐渐发展成为自动化管理以及智能化管理,这与电网的安全稳定运行有着紧密的联系。文章针对当前电网调度管理问题进行了分析,并就此提出了实用性较强的措施。     

农业机械信息管理平台中会计智能化监测技术研究

为了提高农业机械信息管理平台的智能化服务水平,将云技术和会计智能化监测技术引入到了平台的设计上,并以农机调度系统的平台功能设计为例,在智能监测的基础上,采用粒子群神经网络算法对调度系统进行优化设计.为了验证方法的可行性,以不同作业区块的路径规划模拟为测试对象,将优化前后的调度系统的性能进行了对比.由路径规划距离和调度完...     

基于气温预报的参考作物腾发量预报方法比较

为探索精确预报未来短期ET0的方法,比较了4种基于气温预报ET0预报模型,即Hargreaves-Samani(HS)、Thornthwaite(TH)、简化的Penman-Monteith(PT)及McCloud(MC)模型。收集了西藏林芝站2001年1月1日至2013年12月31日的实测逐日气象数据和2012年6月6日至2013年12月31日逐日对未来7d的气象预报数据,在气温预报精度评价的基础上,采用4种基于温度的参考腾发量计算模型直接进行ET0预报,然后采用率定后的模型进行ET0预报,最后与实测气象数据和FAO-56PM公式计算的ET0值进行比较。结果表明,未率定的4种模型预报误差均较大,其中PT公式精度稍高。经率定后,4种公式的预报精度都有所提高,平均准确率为70%,MAE值HS模型最小,平均为0.57mm/d,其他3个模型为1.27~1.50mm/d;RMSE都在2.0mm/d左右;r值总体仍不高,TH模型平均仅有0.19,其他3种模型在0.6左右。综合来看,PT模型的预报效果稳定性优于其他3个模型。对于林芝地区附近的灌区,无论有无气象观测数据供模型率定,建议采用PT模型进行ET0预报。     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

海子水库灌区节水型灌溉制度的制定

本文介绍了中日双方专家团在海子水库灌区现场调查中,实测土壤水分特征值的方法,土壤水分曲线的制定和应用,负压计观测值的应用,计算节水型灌溉用水量和灌水间隔日数的方法,并用节水型频繁灌溉法制定了各作物的节水型灌溉制度,用这种方法制定的节水型灌溉制度要比我国过去用的常规法节水40%以上。