Effect of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) saponins on meat color and myoglobin reduction status in the longissimus thoracis muscle of growing lambs

The effect of alfalfa saponins (AS) supplementation on the meat quality especially the color for growing lamb was investigated. Fifty Hu male lambs with body weights (BW, 19.21 ± 0.45 kg) were divided into five groups and supplemented AS with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg of dietary dry matter intake. After 90 days, all lambs were slaughtered. The longissimus thoracis muscle in lamb displayed significant changes in the content of intramuscular fat, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and drip loss within AS treatment (p < .05) between control and treatments groups. Redness (a*) significantly improved in both 0-day and 7-day storage with the AS supplementation coupled with the percentage of met-myoglobin reduction (p < .05). The redness (a*) change may result from improved met-myoglobin reducing activity, antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase (p < .05) by AS supplementation in muscle. These enzymes may help to protect mitochondria function and reduce met-myoglobin, which bring a bright and red meat color.     

不同产地无患子果皮率及其常春藤皂苷含量

通过不同产地无患子果实和果皮质量及果皮皂苷含量等主要经济性状的分析表明:不同产地的无患子不论在果实质量、果皮质量还是果皮中的皂苷含量都存在一定的差异,单粒果实质量最大的为福建三明,外果皮质量最大的为四川攀枝花,果皮占总果质量的百分比最高的为四川成都-2,而皂苷含量最高的为湖北襄阳,同时还表明同一产地的不同植株在果实质量和果皮皂苷含量方面也存在差异,说明无患子果实不仅受光照、土壤条件、温度等生态环境因子的影响,存在一定的地域差异,其自身生物遗传因素也有一定的作用.     

干柱层析法制备油茶总皂苷对照品初探

[目的]研究干柱层析法制备油茶皂苷对照品的方法。[方法]原料用60%乙醇超声提取,浓缩至无醇味,石油醚脱酯后用正丁醇按3:1体积比加入萃取。取正丁醇层并真空浓缩至干,干法上样于100目～200目硅胶柱色谱分离,用乙酸乙酯-甲醇-正丁醇-水(2:1:4:7)的上相展层;根据Rf值取出相应的条带并用甲醇淋洗收集蒸干,薄层及理化性质检测。[结果]该方法所制样品由薄层色谱为一点,纯度较高。[结论]该方法简便、实用且制备量大,可作为油茶总皂苷对照品。     

激素对绞股蓝愈伤组织过氧化物酶及皂甙含量的影响

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）和分光光度法,对添加不同激素进行组织培养的绞股蓝愈伤组织的过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ０同工酶及总皂甙含量进行了测定。结果表明,添加ＮＡＡ培养的绞股蓝愈伤组织的ＰＯＤ同工酶在阴极区酶带活性强,添加ＢＡ培养的绞股蓝愈伤组织的ＰＯＤ同工酶在阳极区产生了新的酶带;同时添加ＮＡＡ,２,４－Ｄ,ＢＡ三种激素培养的绞股蓝愈伤组织的总皂甙含量最高。     

PjFPS和Pjβ-AS双基因协同作用对珠子参皂苷生物合成的影响

法尼基焦磷酸合酶(PjFPS)和β-香树脂醇合酶(Pjβ-AS)是珠子参皂苷(Panax japonicus saponins,PJS)生物合成途径中可能的关键酶。通过在珠子参(P.japonicus)细胞中同时过表达PjFPS和Pjβ-AS基因,探讨PjFPS和Pjβ-AS对PJS生物合成的协同作用。结果表明,PjFPS和Pjβ-AS是PJS生物合成途径中的关键酶基因,对珠子参皂苷的生物合成具有调节作用。过表达PjFPS和Pjβ-AS的细胞系中,PJS合成途径相关的多个关键酶基因的表达水平有不同程度的提高,且PJS的含量最高为普通细胞系的2.4倍。虽然单独过表达PjFPS也可增加PJS的合成,但双基因(PjFPS和Pjβ-AS)协同调控PJS合成的效果更好。     

不同产地黄芪活性成分与硒含量比较分析

【目的】研究不同产地黄芪药材中活性成分与硒元素的含量,分析不同产地黄芪之间的差异及黄芪中硒含量与活性成分之间的相关性,为富硒黄芪的种植及资源开发利用提供参考依据。【方法】采用紫外分光光度法测定黄芪总皂苷、总黄酮、总多糖含量,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定不同产地黄芪药材中毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量,氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定硒的含量,并对各指标进行统计分析。【结果】山西平鲁区黄芪总皂苷含量最高为1.557%,新疆昭苏县黄芪总黄酮含量最高为0.472%,宁夏隆德县黄芪毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷含量最高为0.091%,新疆博湖县总多糖含量和硒含量均是最高,分别为27.617%和0.323 mg/kg;硒含量与总多糖含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),聚类分析中黄芪样品可按照不同成分的含量差异分为3类。【结论】22个不同产地黄芪活性成分含量与硒元素的含量有显著差异(P<0.05)。     

响应面法优化兰州百合皂甙提取工艺

以兰州百合为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken响应面分析法优化兰州百合皂甙的最佳提取工艺条件,考察提取温度、乙醇体积分数、液固比和回流时间对其皂甙提取率影响.结果表明,4个因素对兰州百合皂甙提取率影响的大小依次为提取温度＞回流时间＞乙醇体积分数＞液固比.确定的最佳工艺条件为提取温度70℃,乙醇体积分数80％,液固比10∶1,回流时间3h,在此条件下兰州百合皂甙的提取率可达到54.90％.     

Plant growth regulation effects of triterpenoid saponins

 To investigate structure–activity relations between the sugar chain structures of triterpenoid saponins and their plant growth regulation effects, several monodesmosidic saponins with betulin as an aglycon were synthesized by chemical and enzymic reactions. Three triterpenoids (betulin, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid) and synthesized betulin glycosides were submitted to germination and growth regulation tests on alfalfa seeds. We concluded the following. Betulin had a slight growth inhibitory effect on alfalfa radicles. Betulin glycosides exhibited stronger effects than betulin, and betulin glycosides with two to four glucose residues as a sugar moiety had the greatest inhibitory activity. These characteristics of growth inhibitory effects were considerably different from those of phenolic compounds so far reported. Some betulin glycosides also showed a significant growth regulation effect on alfalfa hypocotyls. However, hypocotyl growth was less affected than radicle growth for all betulin glycosides. Among the triterpenoids, betulinic acid had stronger growth inhibitory effects on alfalfa radicles than betulin, suggesting the importance of the carboxyl group at the C-28 position for the inhibitory effects of lupane-type triterpenoids. On the other hand, no germination regulation effects on alfalfa seeds were observed for any of the betulin glycosides or triterpenoids examined. Received: October 9, 2001 / Accepted: February 15, 2002 Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by a research grant (Development of Highly Functional Materials by Structural Modification of Carbohydrates) from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan. We thank Saori Kudo for her assistance in isolating compounds by chromatography. Correspondence to:S. Ohara     

Panax quinquefolium saponins protect rat myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury through attenuating excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress

AIM: To investigate whether excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is involved in the protective mechanism of Panax quinquefolium saponins (PQS) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat myocardium. METHODS: The model of myocardial I/R injury in vivo was made by ligating the left anterior descending artery for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion in SD rats. The hemodynamics and serum content of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were measured. The myocardial infarct size was measured by Evans blue and 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected using in situ TDT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), calreticulin (CRT), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with I/R group, the mean arterial pressure in PQR+IR group was decreased by 32.0%, and left ventricular±dp/dtmax was increased by 64.0% and 35.0%, respectively.The serum content of cTnT was decreased by 53.3%, the percentage of area of necrosis (AN)/area at risk (AAR) was reduced by 65.5% and the apoptosis rate was decreased by 54.9%.The myocardial pathological changes were improved. Bcl-2 protein expression was increased by 110.0% and that of Bax was decreased by 47.8%. CRT protein expression was decreased by 43.4 %, CHOP protein expression and the protein level of cleaved caspase-12 were decreased by 38.6% and 23.7% in PQS+I/R group. CONCLUSION: PQS alleviates I/R injury in myocardium by inhibition of excessive ERS.     

大孔树脂分离纯化苜蓿皂苷工艺研究

研究D101大孔吸附树脂提取苜蓿皂苷的工艺条件及参数。优化工艺条件包括树脂载样量、稀醇洗脱浓度和体积,有效部位洗脱液醇浓度和体积等参数考察。纯化前固形物苜蓿皂苷含量为0.37%,纯化后固形物中苜蓿皂苷含量为5.8%。