基于多时相GF-1 WFV和高分纹理的制种玉米田识别

为给监管部门提供更准确的数据,及时发现非法玉米制种区域,根据不同地物在多时相光谱、高空间纹理等特征上的差异,基于163个地面样本、多源时序优选植被指数集和高空间分辨率遥感影像纹理分析的方法,进行制种玉米田识别。通过相关性分析,从GF-1 WFV 多光谱影像计算的8个植被指数(VI)中确定6种,多维度反映不同作物光谱差异,并利用随机森林（RF）分类方法实现玉米田块的识别;利用玉米抽雄期的1期0.7m Kompsat-3全色影像,构建灰度共生矩阵（GLCM）纹理特征体系,并进行局部二值模式（Uniform-LBP）旋转不变处理,解决了影像中作物种植纹理的方向性问题,同时为体现制种玉米父母本间隔种植的特点,提出了Subtract纹理特征,进一步识别制种玉米田。以新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县为研究区,对本文提出的方法进行实例验证,试验结果表明,制种玉米田识别的制图精度、用户精度分别为93.34%、99.19%。     

基于RF算法优选多时相特征的冬小麦空间分布自动解译

为探讨如何利用遥感影像自动解译技术,实现冬小麦种植情况统计调查、提高提取精度,选择冬小麦关键生育期6个时相的高分二号遥感影像数据,分别从6个时相的近红外灰度(NIR)、红波段灰度(R)、绿波段灰度(G)、蓝波段灰度(B)、比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI) 6个特征中优选出对冬小麦面积提取最敏感的1个特征作为输入变量,每个时相选择1个特征,6个时相共选出6个特征作为输入变量,利用随机森林算法构建模型,提取冬小麦空间分布特征。选择研究区不同长势、不同种植品种的地块样本构建训练集,利用多时相特征构建模型,并将模型推广应用于整个大厂回族自治县,得到大厂回族自治县冬小麦的空间分布情况。通过与统计结果对比分析,经过多时相特征优选构建的模型对冬小麦的识别精度接近90%。经过样本优化和后期处理仍可提升精度,此方法能在保证提取精度的前提下对冬小麦进行快速提取,提高相应的工作效率。     

小麦倒伏信息无人机多时相遥感提取方法

采用两期无人机可见光遥感图像,对灌浆期冬小麦倒伏图像特征及倒伏信息提取方法进行研究。从增强图像空间域方面,对图像进行二次低通滤波,获取地物散点图,以散点存在明显分界线为判定标准,选出小麦倒伏信息提取的单特征,对两单特征线性拟合构建倒伏小麦两时期提取特征参数F_1和F_2,再以两特征参数相似性构建综合特征参数F_3。将特征参数结合K-means算法提取冬小麦倒伏信息,整体精度(OA)达86. 44%以上,Kappa系数达0. 73以上,倒伏信息提取精度(F)为81. 07%以上,因此综合特征参数可作为两个时期冬小麦倒伏信息提取特征参数。分别用本文方法、支持向量机、神经网络法和最大似然法提取验证区域倒伏小麦信息,经验证,本文方法提取小麦倒伏信息整体精度(OA)达86. 29%以上,Kappa系数达0. 71以上,倒伏信息提取精度(F)达80. 60%以上;其他3种常用方法提取的整体精度(OA)为69. 68%～87. 44%,Kappa系数为0. 49～0. 72,倒伏信息提取精度(F)为65. 33%～79. 76%。结果表明,本文方法整体精度和倒伏信息提取精度均高于目前常用分类方法。因此,综合特征参数与K-means算法对冬小麦在灌浆期倒伏信息提取具有一定的准确性和适用性。     

砂田抑制蒸发功能随覆砂年限的演变规律

【目的】研究压砂覆盖(砂田)保温及抑制蒸发功能随砂田退化程度的演变规律。【方法】基于多年Landsat卫星数据,使用辐射传输方程法反演香山地区砂田地表温度(LST),结合田间地表温度监测,对比砂田与裸地的地表温度变化,分析了砂田抑制土壤蒸发的机理,并探讨了砂田的功效与砂田使用年限的关系。【结果】砂田在LST-NDVI梯形空间中贴近于暖边,其土壤水分比耕地少,接近于干土层。因此,砂田可以隔离辐射与土壤表层,从而减小潜热通量,抑制土壤蒸发。砂田昼夜温差明显比裸地大,且对于西瓜等作物,砂田的有效地表积温也比裸地提高了10%。【结论】砂田退化过程可分为纯砾石阶段、砂土混合阶段和砂土连通阶段,从砂田的保温及抑制蒸发功能来看,砂田的有效使用年限为25～30 a。     

Influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand in the Qarhan Desert,Qaidam Basin of China: A wind tunnel experiment

Determination of the threshold shear velocity is essential for predicting sand transport, dust release and desertification. In this study, a wind tunnel experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of salinity and moisture on the threshold shear velocity of saline sand. Saline sand samples (mean particle size of 164.50-186.08 μm and the total silt, clay and salt content of 0.80%-8.25%) were collected from three saline sand dunes (one barchan dune and two linear dunes) in the Qarhan Desert, Qaidam Basin of China. Original saline sand samples were placed in two experimental trays for wet and dry processing to simulate deliquescence and desiccation, respectively. Surface moisture content ranging from 0.30% to 1.90% was generated by the steam method so that the saline sand can absorb water in a saturated water vapor environment. The motion of sand particles was determined by the observers with a solid laser. The laser sheet (0.80 cm thick), which was emitted by the solid laser, horizontally covered the sand surface and was bound to the sand. Results show that the cohesion of saline sand results from a combination of salt and water. The threshold shear velocity increases exponentially with the increase in crust thickness for the linear sand dunes. There is a positive linear correlation between the original moisture content and relative threshold shear velocity. The threshold shear velocity of dewatered sand is greater than that of wet sand with the same original moisture content. Our results will provide valuable information about the sand transport of highly saline soil in the desert.     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.     

稻田田面水与排水径流中胶体磷流失贡献及流失规律

通过野外试验采集稻田田面水和稻田排水径流的水样,研究了胶体磷流失贡献和流失规律。根据实际天气情况,选择1次典型暴雨事件(48 mm/h)和8次不同强度(8,9,19,23,23,32,36,49 mm/h)的降雨事件采集样品。结果表明:(1)田面水和稻田排水中磷素流失形式以颗粒磷为主。在过1μm滤膜的总磷中,胶体磷的流失贡献为21%～73%,超过真溶解磷的流失贡献。(2)降雨后田面水中胶体磷的贡献范围为9%～44%,稻田排水中胶体磷流失贡献范围为10%～16%,金属氧化物胶体、有机质胶体以及金属氧化物—有机质胶体浓度与胶体磷流失贡献呈正向相关性,田面水中皮尔森相关系数分别为0.544,0.635,0.781(p0.05),稻田排水中分别为0.734,0.350,0.747(p0.05),三者结合磷为径流中胶体磷的重要赋存形态。(3)施肥通过影响电导率和离子强度来削减胶体磷的流失贡献,而降雨强度则通过影响pH来增加胶体磷的流失贡献,降雨强度与稻田排水胶体磷流失浓度的线性回归系数R~2=0.75,但两者对田面水和稻田排水中胶体磷流失贡献的影响程度不同。     

克氏原鳌虾在养殖过程中形成铁壳虾的原因及对策

克氏原鳌虾又称小龙虾、红鳌虾、淡水小龙虾,是淡水经济虾类。因肉味鲜美,深受广大消费者欢迎,因其杂食性,生长速度快,适应能力强而在当地生态环境中形成绝对的竞争优势。由于小龙虾的高密度养殖,在诸多因素影响下产生了大量铁壳虾,铁壳小龙虾,又称“丁壳虾”“钢虾”等。笔者于2019年5月份走访龙虾田口,安徽地区小龙虾养殖行业增加了很多稻虾养殖户电话,微信中虾农时常提起“铁壳虾”,“红头虾”,顾名思义,虾壳厚且坚硬,甲壳呈现艳红色,而且头大身子小,尾部肉质较少,松散。全身黑色,看上去很脏,并且身黏附着很多水生微生物。本文分析了影响克氏原鳌虾产生铁壳虾的因素,指出“铁壳虾”给养殖户带来的危害,结合各地铁壳虾情况,提出有效降低稻田中铁壳虾比例的有效方法,最后提出关于稻虾田水质管理的指标,供养殖户参考。     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.