跨区作业经济效益影响因素剖析

根据2004年跨区作业调查,计算了联合收割机跨区机收的经济效益,并着重指出了跨区作业经济效益下降的实际问题;通过深入分析其中的原因,指出影响跨区作业经济效益的两大主要因素,是信息系统不完善和散机的无序流动。     

冬小麦产量与底墒关系分析

该在分析大量试验资料后指出：在黄土高原南部地区，冬小麦产量与播前底墒相关性强，其相关系数在不同施肥水平下，分别为：中肥处理０．６７７；高肥处理０．７４２；单施氮处理高达０．９６０。因而得出不同施肥处理下的底墒与冬小麦产量关系图，可用于冬小麦产量趋势预测及建立数学模型参考。     

稻草还田模式对稻田土壤速效氮、钾含量及晚稻生长的影响

设计了高桩翻耕抛栽、覆盖免耕抛栽和高桩免耕抛栽3种模式的田间小区试验。结果表明, 不同稻草还田模式对土壤NH₄⁺-N含量影响较大, 对土壤速效钾含量和土壤NO₃^--N含量影响不大; 高桩翻耕模式的土壤NH₄⁺-N、速效钾含量平均值比高桩免耕和覆盖免耕模式分别提高40.8%、7.5%和36.7%、2.0%; 高桩翻耕能促进水稻群体生长, 增加叶片叶绿素含量, 充分利用光能, 增强光合作用; 稻草还田以高桩翻耕模式的增产效果最好, 比高桩免耕、覆盖免耕分别增产5.8%和9.0%。以高桩翻耕稻草还田模式对土壤速效氮、钾含量及晚稻产量的影响最好。     

陇东旱塬地区冬小麦水肥效应耦合模拟研究

采用无底铁框作微区,选择冬小麦生育期降水量(P)和施氦量(N)进行水肥效应模拟研究,得出冬小麦产量(Y)与降水量和施氮量的关系为Y=2505.6713+5.3422N-0.0251N²+24.3482P-0.0325P²+0.0074NP.水肥耦合方程为N_c=73.4805+0.2325P.当降水量由160mm增至400mm时,最高产量由5993.93kg/hm²提高到7710.39kg/hm²,最高产量施氮量Nmax由126.51kg/hm²增至165.48kg/hm²,经济施氮量N_opt由78.60kg/hm²增至107.12kg/hm²,N_c值则由110.55kg/hm²增至166.50kg/hm².在降水量小于400mm时有N_opt < N_c < N_max成立,且N_opt与N_c差值较大,说明旱塬地区单以经济施氮量为施肥标准不能充分发挥降水的增产潜力.提出了以上壤水肥宏观调控的原则,编制出陇东旱塬地区冬小麦合理施肥的方案.     

不同肥料品种在冬小麦上的施用效果研究

本研究选用当地几种有代表性的化肥在冬小麦上进行了肥效试验。结果表明:在等N等P条件下,施用磷酸二铵比施用普钙 尿素增产增收效果明显,能培肥地力,增加土壤有效养分。施用“六国牌”铜陵产磷酸二铵与施用美国进口磷酸二铵比较,小麦产增差异不明显,但国产磷酸二铵价格较低,增收效果明显。在铜陵产磷酸二铵中添加微量元素B对小麦增产效果不显著,但添加微量元素B和Zn对小麦增产效果明显。     

Effect of grazing time and intensity on growth and yield of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

A simulated grazing field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of timing and intensity of grazing on the growth and yield of a mid-late maturing spring wheat(cv. Flanker) under different watering regimes, at Wagga Wagga in southeastern Australia. The experiment was a factorial design of watering regime and pasture "grazing" as factors, with three replications. The two watering regimes were rainfed(R) and supplemental irrigation(I). There were four simulated grazing treatments: no grazing, "crash" grazing by mowing to 5 cm height on 13 June(Cut1-5), "crash" grazing by mowing to 5 cm on 15 July(Cut2-5) and "clip" grazing by mowing to 15 cm height on 15 July(Cut2-15). The lowest dry matter(simulated grazing) was obtained from RCut1-5(0.13 t ha~(–1)) and the highest(0.86 t ha~(–1)) was from ICut2-5. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the grain yields of the grazing treatments in the respective watering regimes. However, there was significant difference(P0.05) between the grain yields of the rainfed(3.60 t ha~(–1)) and irrigated(6.0 t ha~(–1)) treatments. Under both watering regimes, the highest grain yield was obtained from the late "clip" grazings: 3.79 t ha~(–1)(RCut2-15) for rainfed and 6.47 t ha~(–1)(ICut2-15) for irrigated treatments. The lowest grain yield for the rainfed treatment was 3.26 t ha~(–1)(RCut1-5) and for the irrigated treatments, the lowest grain yield was 5.50 t ha~(–1)(ICut2-5). Harvest index(HI) was not significantly affected(P0.05) by either the watering regime or grazing. Seed weight was significantly(P0.05) affected both by the watering regime and grazing with the lowest value for 1 000-seed weight of 30.05 g(RCut2-5) and the highest value of 38.00 g(ICut2-15). Water use efficiency was significantly(P0.05) affected both by the watering regime and grazing with the lowest value of 9.94 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1)(ICut2-5) and the highest value 13.43 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1)(RCut2-5). By "crash" grazing late(just before stem elongation stage) to a height of 5 cm, a significantly higher(P0.05) above ground dry matter can be grazed without significantly affecting the yield both in seasons with low amount of rainfall and high amount of rainfall(irrigated in this study) although in a wet season a slightly lower(15% lower) grain yield is obtained relative to "clip grazing" to 15 cm height. Grazing of mid-late maturing wheat cultivars has the potential to fill the feed gap without significantly affecting grain yield.     

基于不同夏作物-冬小麦种植制度的黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量研究

黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量下降是限制该地区农业生产的重要因素之一,合理的种植制度能够改善土壤物理质量。本试验于2016年设置连续夏绿豆-冬小麦(MB-WW,T₁)、2年夏玉米-冬小麦+2年夏绿豆-冬小麦(2 a SC-WW+2 a MB-WW,T₂)及连续夏休闲-冬小麦(SF-WW,T₃) 3种种植制度,分析实施第3和4年的土壤物理质量,以探索潜在的适宜于改善研究区土壤物理质量的种植制度。结果表明：T₁处理下冬小麦收获后0~30 cm各土层毛管孔隙度较T₂和T₃处理分别显著提高了19.20~28.49%和18.86~31.86%。此外T₁处理夏播作物收获后,10~20 cm土层土壤储水量较T₂显著增加了6.37%,20~30 cm土层土壤质量含水量和储水量较T₂处理分别显著增加了7.87%和4.70%。相较于T₃,冬小麦和夏播作物收获后T₁和T₂处理下土壤容重、总孔隙度和土壤固、液、气三相比偏离值没有得到明显的改善。综上所述,绿豆-冬小麦种植制度对土壤物理质量有一定的改善,采用连续夏绿豆-冬小麦种植制度可能是改善黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量潜在的措施之一。     

Solanum pennellii LA716渐渗系群体田间耐盐性评价及杂种优势效应

[目的]筛选出优异的耐盐性渐渗系为培育耐盐品种提供参考依据.[方法]以76份Solanum pennellii LA716渐渗系群体(Introgression Lines,ILs)为研究对象,通过2年不同盐分田间试验及杂交试验评价,分析ILs渐渗系田间耐盐性及杂种优势.[结果]在盐碱地胁迫环境下,从产量、生物产量、抗逆性、坐果率和单果重等5个方面综合评价渐渗系群体的耐盐特性,筛选出了耐盐性良好,产量、单果重等性状良好的渐渗系材料1个(IL7-5);耐盐性良好,产量、单果重等性状较差的渐渗系材料3个(IL6-2、IL6-4和IL7-1);耐盐性较好,产量、单果重等性状良好的渐渗系材料2个(IL2-1-1与IL2-6-5).以筛选出的耐盐渐渗系与对盐碱敏感,但产量、单果重等其它商品性状良好的品系配制26个杂交组合,在不同盐碱水平的地块(中盐地9.4g/kg、重盐地20.2 g/kg、重度重盐地40.1 g/kg)进行耐盐性鉴定筛选,筛选出的4个杂交品系(IL7-1×CT-95、IL7-5×CT-88、IL2-1-1 ×CT-127、CT-50 × IL6-2)表现出明显的耐盐性,移栽成活率和产量均高于其遗传背景材料M82及生产中应用的3个对照品种AB2、新番4号和新番41号(屯河48号).[结论]IL7-5耐盐性良好,产量、单果重等性状良好;IL6-2、IL6-4和IL7-1耐盐性良好,产量、单果重等性状较差;IL2-1-1与IL2-6-5耐盐性较好,产量、单果重等性状良好.     

2011—2012年度冬小麦区域试验研究

2011—2012年在西藏自治区农科所进行冬小麦品种试验,结果表明：在五个参试品种（系）中,由自治区农科所提供的品种（系）21253在两年的区试试验中其产量是最高的,分别为422．1公斤／亩,比对照肥麦增产16．9％,和420．3公斤／亩,比对照减产5．3％,但该品种（系）的丰产适应性和稳产性相对较好,其综合性状表现优良,建议在全区范围内进行示范。其他品种建议在本区域淘汰。     

黄瓜新品种京研春秋绿2 号的选育

京研春秋绿2 号是以10-c66 为母本、10-c11-29 为父本配制而成的春、秋保护地和露地兼用的黄瓜一代杂种。瓜条棒状,长35～36 cm,瓜色亮绿,有光泽,白刺,刺瘤中等大小,棱浅,果肉绿色,风味佳、品质优。抗枯萎病,中抗霜霉病,耐白粉病。北方地区春保护地栽培产量为5 000～6 500 kg·（667 m²）^-1,秋保护地栽培产量4 000～5 000 kg·（667 m²）^-1,适宜华北、东北、西北春、秋保护地和露地栽培。