黄土高原旱地不同施肥对土壤肥力与产量的影响

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-1); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1-2); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120 , P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility. The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0--60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.     

太阳能加热防治根结线虫时覆膜、土壤类型与有机物对土壤温度的影响

试验研究了覆膜方式(双层膜、单层膜和不覆膜)、土壤类型(中壤土、砂壤土)与有机物(添加牛粪和不添加牛粪)对太阳能加热时土壤温度的影响。覆盖透明膜可显著提高土壤日平均温度和日最高温度,10 cm2、0 cm和30 cm深度土壤日平均温度分别达40℃、38℃和36℃以上,日最高温度分别达43.3℃、39.0℃和36.5℃以上。覆盖透明膜可明显延长土壤高温(≥35℃)持续时间并提高土壤日温差,土壤温度超过35℃的累计时间达22.5h以上,10 cm、20 cm和30 cm深度土壤日温差分别在7.1℃、2.6℃和0.8℃以上。覆盖双层膜土壤日平均温度、日最高温度、高温持续时间及日温差比单层膜高,且在10 cm深度尤为突出。除20 cm深度外,土壤类型对日平均温度和日最高温度没有影响。添加牛粪能使0~20 cm土层土壤日平均温度提高2℃以上,显著高于不添加对照。故覆盖透明膜和添加牛粪可显著提升30 cm深度内的土壤温度,利用太阳能加热可望降低土壤中根结线虫种群数量。     

不同有机肥料中氮素的矿化特性研究

通过好氧培养试验,对不同有机肥中NO3--N与NH4+-N的矿化特性进行了研究。结果表明,鸡粪和猪粪培养10 d后、牛粪培养30 d后,NO3--N矿化率快速提高,使土壤NO3--N含量上升;鸡粪堆肥培养10 d后、牛粪堆肥和猪粪堆肥培养60 d后,矿化率开始上升。经过堆肥处理的有机肥NO3--N矿化率明显低于未堆肥产品,而且矿化高峰期延迟。培养90 d后NO3--N矿化率趋缓,培养120 d后NO3--N的矿化率分别为:鸡粪42.6%、牛粪24.0%、猪粪22.6%、鸡粪堆肥23.4%、牛粪堆肥16.0%、猪粪堆肥18.0%。随培养期延长,施肥土壤NH4+-N含量迅速下降,培养5 d时低于对照土壤、15 d后接近或略高于对照土壤。施用有机肥可增加土壤NO3--N含量,对NH4+-N含量的影响较小。     

铅锌矿区污染土壤微生物活性研究

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了浙江衢州铅锌矿区土壤的微生物、土壤酶活性及植物重金属积累特性。结果表明：矿区污染区土壤Ph、Zn、Cd、Cu全量的平均值分别是对照土壤的267．8倍、132．6倍、41．8倍、17．0倍。矿区植物体内重金属含量与土壤重金属全量和有效态含量呈显著正相关。矿区土壤随着重金属含量的增加,土壤微生物生物量碳逐渐降低,而土壤基础呼吸、微生物代谢商则升高,矿区中心污染土壤微生物生物量碳只有对照土壤的72％,而基础呼吸和微生物代谢商分别是对照土壤的1．6倍和2．3倍。铅锌矿口附近污染区土壤酶活性较低,对照土壤的各种酶活性最高。其中土壤脱氧酶的活性变化最大,作为矿区重金属污染的指标更灵敏。     

皖北亳州烟区土壤肥力定量评价

采集分析了谯城区1134个植烟土样的p H值、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷的含量,利用模糊数学和主成分分析方法对其肥力进行了定量评价,旨在通过简便科学的评价,快速摸清烟区土壤肥力现状,指导精准施肥。研究结果表明:(1)研究区土壤p H较高,有机质偏低,大部分土壤碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷适中;(2)肥力较低区、中等肥力区和较高肥力区分别占耕地总面积的5.65%、89.93%和4.42%;(3)土壤肥力在南北方向上呈现低-高-低的趋势,东西方向上呈现出高-低-高趋势;(4)现主要植烟乡镇中,从土壤适宜性方面来看,西南部和中部相对优于西北部,西北烟区应该设法提高速效钾含量。     

水土保持与持续发展

持续发展理论已被世界环境与发展大会确立为全世界所有国家的共同发展战略。其核心思想是：当今人类的经济和社会发展，必须是既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足他们需要的能力构成危害。古今中外社会发展的历史证明，水土流失严重破坏人类赖以生存的水土资源，搞好水土保持是实现持续发展战略的重要措施。水土保持不仅要控制土壤侵蚀，还要改善土壤的物理性质和补充土中的养分，以改善生态环境，发展生产。水土保持的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益相互依存，在工作中不可片面强调某一效益而顾此失彼。     

新疆盐碱地长期利用盐水灌溉土壤盐分变化

在地下水位3～5m、壤质土壤条件下,利用盐碱地时用2～5g/L盐化水灌溉,土壤1m剖面均为脱盐状况。灌溉盐化水15年后,1m土壤残留阴离子浓度较小,多点平均为3.709毫克当量/100克土。其中HCO-3相对较多,1m多点平均为0.404毫克当量/100克土。K++Na+浓度很大,1m多点平均为2.492毫克当量/100克土。这时,土壤1m全盐多点平均为0.248%,在灌溉水矿化度不直接危害作物生长时,不影响耕作和作物正常生长。由此可见,盐化水在盐碱地上无排灌溉,是可行的。     

SOURCES OF SULFUR FOR DRY MATTER,SEED YIELD,AND OIL CONCENTRATION OF CANOLA GROWN IN SULFUR DEFICIENT SOILS OF SOUTH-WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Leaching of sulfur (S) on sandy soils may limit the effectiveness of S fertilizers especially when applied at sowing. The effectiveness of S sources for canola (oil seed rape, Brassica napus L.) grown in sandy low S soils of south-western Australia is not known. This study was completed to determine the relative effectiveness of gypsum and a gypsum-based by-product from synthetic rutile processing called Canola Blue for canola grown in low S soils of the region. Canola Blue is a mixture of gypsum and elemental S, and is granulated so its effectiveness may vary from gypsum. We measured the effectiveness of the two S sources in the glasshouse for young seedling growth and for minimizing S leaching. In the four field experiments, the two S sources were evaluated for relative effects on canola seed yield and the concentration of oil in seed. Canola Blue applied at sowing was as effective as gypsum for canola growth in the glasshouse and when applied at 35 days after sowing (DAS) was as effective as gypsum for seed yield in the field. For the glasshouse study, Canola Blue when applied to the soil surface (topdressed) at 35 DAS was as effective as gypsum in achieving a rapid recovery of leaves from S deficiency symptoms and of shoot growth. Where S deficiency appears during the growing season, topdressing with Canola Blue appears to be as effective under the conditions of this experiment as was gypsum. However, the S in Canola Blue was less prone to leaching than that applied as gypsum.     

半透膜微萃取方法的建立及其在测定土壤间隙水中憎水性有机污染物的应用

提出了一种新型的基于半透膜被动采样技术的微萃取方法（semi-permeable membrane based micro-extraction, SPM-ME）,并以菲为模型污染物,测试了SPM-ME用于测定土壤间隙水中自由溶解态憎水性有机污染物的可行性。结果表明,菲在该SPE-ME装置与水相间的平衡可在6 h内达到,并且随着装置中三油酸甘油酯含量的增加,单元SPE-ME对于菲的富集系数也相应增加。该装置对土壤间隙水中菲的富集在10 d内能达到平衡,整个过程主要受菲从土壤向间隙水的传质控制。该装置测得间隙水中菲的浓度与实际测得间隙水浓度十分吻合,而由传统的相平衡分配法计算所得间隙水浓度则高出实测值4-5倍。同时,该装置对体系中污染物的耗竭小于体系中污染物总量的1%。因此,SPE-ME是一种准确、有效、非耗竭式的微萃取技术。