Performance of biochar derived from Cymbopogon winterianus waste at two temperatures on soil properties and growth of Bacopa monneri

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar derived from the distilled waste of Cymbopogon winterianus at two different pyrolysis temperatures (450°C and 850°C) on the chemical and biological properties of sandy loamy soil (SLS) and its subsequent impact on plant growth. Pot experiments utilizing Bacopa monnieri were performed in a greenhouse with four different application rates of biochar (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w)) for 120 days. Biochar induced alterations in soil properties (nutrients, enzymes, and microbes) and plant responses (yield, biocide and antioxidant content) to biochar addition were measured. Biochar application, notably improved the soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and the availability of NH₄ ⁺ and phosphorus. Initially, biochar produced at the lower temperature had more effect on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, soil enzymatic properties, and plant biomass growth. After 120 days, the pyrolysis temperature had only a marginal influence on biochar-induced effects on soil pH, WHC, and soil enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that C. winterianus derived biochar amendment leads to an overall amelioration of soil fertility and plant growth improvement. In specific biochar produced at lower temperatures (450°C) was more effective for improvement of plant biomass and soil characteristics.     

四川紫色土地区典型小流域分布式产汇流模型研究

针对日益加剧的四川紫色土地区水土流失情况,为定量分析紫色土地区小流域水土流失程度,选取四川省南部县鹤鸣观小流域为研究区,在蓄满产流模型的基础上,构建了适合紫色土地区小流域分布式产汇流模型。该模型以地块为计算单元,在每个地块上输入参数,然后依据流域产汇流机制计算每个地块的产汇流量,并用递归算法将计算结果推算到流域出口,得到流域径流总量。该模型能评价流域下垫面各因子空间分布不均匀性和人类活动的影响,模拟每个地块次降雨产汇流过程。在鹤鸣观小流域进行了模型的检验与应用,模拟过程与实测结果符合较好。该研究为四川紫色土地区水土保持治理提供了科学依据。     

不同种植年限白沙蒿对根际土壤营养元素的影响

分别选取建植5、10、15和20年的白沙蒿(Artemisia sphaerocephala), 研究其根际与非根际土壤中营养元素含量及土壤pH值的变化。结果表明, 1)随建植年限的增加, 白沙蒿根际土壤有效N、P含量增加, 铵态氮和有效磷的最大富集率分别为91.15%和127.30%;2)有效Cu表现为负富集, 其在根际的含量随建植年限的增加而降低, 其它有效微量元素均表现出根际含量大于非根际, 其中有效Mn随年份增加有明显积累, 在20年株龄富集率达到最高值, 85.24%;3)5、10年株龄沙蒿根际pH无明显变化, 15、20年株龄白沙蒿根际土壤表现出明显的酸化作用;4)土壤有效元素间的相关性存在明显的根际效应。     

凉山州土壤与苦荞镉和铜含量关系及污染评价

检测了凉山州8个主要苦荞产区的土壤和对应苦荞的镉、铜含量,结果表明:凉山州苦荞产区土壤镉、铜含量属于内梅罗污染指数评价指标的轻度污染等级;苦荞镉、铜含量属于内梅罗污染指数评价指标的清洁(安全)等级;土壤与苦荞镉、铜含量关系不存在明显的正相关。     

Acquired Thermo‐Tolerance and Trans‐Generational Heat Stress Response at Flowering in Rice

In rice, pre‐exposure to sublethal treatment followed by harsh lethal treatment is known to improve tolerance of different abiotic stresses at the vegetative stage within and across generations. Our major aim was to test the phenomenon of thermo‐tolerance at flowering across (trans)‐generations and within generation using rice cultivars contrasting for heat stress tolerance at flowering. To test trans‐generational response, plants were exposed to higher temperature at flowering stage and seeds obtained from previous generations were exposed to heat stress during flowering, which recorded significantly lower fertility when exposed to the same degree of stress in their subsequent generations. A pre‐acclimation to moderately high acclimating temperatures imposed over three different durations during the vegetative and initial reproductive stage showed positive response in the tolerant N22, particularly under severe heat stress (40 °C). This finding indicates the possibility of acquiring ameliorative thermo‐tolerant mechanisms at anthesis, restricted to tolerant genetic backgrounds to combat subsequent harsh conditions within the same generation. However, trans‐generational memory was ineffective in mitigating spikelet sterility losses in both tolerant and susceptible backgrounds. Rice is extremely sensitive to heat stress during flowering; hence, similar exercise across other crops of interest needs to be carried out before generalizing conclusions.     

旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响

春夏干旱是榆中县旱作区胡麻产量的主要限制因素。进一步减少旱地冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量,为胡麻前期生长创造良好的土壤条件是实现该区胡麻高产稳产的必须步骤。2011—2012年连续两年在地处甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区的榆中县石头沟旱作农业示范点进行了组合型微垄全膜覆盖不同覆膜时期对旱地胡麻生长影响的试验。本试验设组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培、组合型微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和露地穴播三个处理,分别对其土壤水分、经济性状、生育期、产量结果进行分析。结果表明,旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,0~60 cm的土壤平均含水量,分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高31.9 g·kg-1和45.3 g·kg-1;胡麻的经济性状明显改善,株高分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高3.8 cm和14.7 cm、单株蒴果数分别增加8.5个和11.5个、蒴果粒数分别增加0.6个和1.65个、千粒重分别提高0.05 g和0.31g。旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋季覆盖垄侧栽培比胡麻露地栽培增产1 471.2 kg·hm-2,增幅129.54%,比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培增产378.22 kg·hm-2,增幅17.41%,增产效果十分明显。     

稻草覆盖始期对红壤旱地花生生长及产量形成的影响

探明红壤旱地花生进行稻草覆盖的最佳时期。通过设定播种后1 d（T1）、出苗后10 d（T2）、始花期（T3）、盛花期（T4）、结荚期（T5）开始覆盖稻草5个处理,以全程无覆盖（CK）为对照,研究覆盖时期对花生产量形成及旱地生态的影响。花生出苗前稻草覆盖会显著降低花生的出苗率,降低产量,而出苗后10 d到结荚期进行稻草覆盖均可以有效的抑制杂草发生,保持土壤水分、降低土壤温度,并有利于减缓花生叶片的衰老,增加后期绿叶数,延长花生叶片的功能,促进根瘤生长,有效的提高花生产量。江西红壤旱地花生稻草覆盖可减少杂草的发生、改善土壤温湿条件,有利于产量形成,适宜的覆盖始期为齐苗后10 d左右,过早或过迟进行覆盖,效果均受影响,甚至会减产。     

农艺措施和保水剂对土壤蒸发和夏玉米 水分利用效率的影响

为进一步研究黄淮海地区免耕夏玉米栽培节水问题,于2011年进行大田试验,研究了农艺措施(播后镇压、秸秆覆盖)和保水剂对土壤蒸发和夏玉米水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,夏玉米整个生育期平均,处理A(播后镇压)、B(播后镇压+秸秆覆盖)、C(播后镇压+保水剂)和处理D(播后镇压结合秸秆平茬覆盖和保水剂)比处理E(播种后覆土)在0～40 cm土层,土壤含水量增加了4.78％、7.96％、5.50％和11.08％,水分蒸发减少了16.33％、103.78％、28.37％和128.77％,产量提高了9.68％、17.60％、11.78％和24.01％,水分利用效率也增加了9.64％、17.55％、11.71％、23.96％,效益增加了1 536.34、2 516.42、801.74、2 553.10元/hm2.这种作用在夏玉米的生长前期更明显,拔节前的土壤水分比较,处理A、B、C、D比E增加了8.74％、15.81％、10.48％和20.28％,水分蒸发减少了17.81％、164.68％、40.35％和209.43％.处理D集成了镇压、秸秆覆盖、保水剂的作用,能够充分提高土壤水分含量和抑制水分蒸发.建议在黄淮海区夏玉米实行播后镇压结合秸秆覆盖等农艺措施,有条件的地方可以再结合增加保水剂的应用.     

1990—2015年内蒙古高原土壤风蚀时空差异特征

基于RWEQ模型定量反演了1990-2015年内蒙古高原不同季节土壤风蚀模数,分析不同季节土壤风蚀差异,揭示植被覆盖对土壤风蚀的响应阈值。结果表明:不同季节土壤风蚀量差异较大,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季土壤风蚀量比例为5.42∶1.00∶1.36∶3.00;土地利用/覆盖状况对土壤风蚀具有重要的影响,不同季节有明显差异,植被覆盖退化后土壤风蚀模数增大,反之降低了土壤风蚀模数,尤其春季中、低覆盖度草地相互转化对土壤风蚀的作用明显;植被覆盖达到75%时可有效抑制土壤风蚀,春季与冬季低覆盖度植被对抑制土壤风蚀作用敏感于高覆盖度植被,当植被覆盖度达20%~25%时可迅速降低土壤风蚀模数。     

地温变化对管道输送5号轻柴油的影响

在地温较低的情况下,成品油管道顺序输送５号轻柴油时,容易出现管壁结蜡现象,使混油量增大,在分析了５号轻柴油质量数据和长输管道各段地温６变化的基础上,提出了“临界点”地温,给出了在“临界点”地温的条件下输送５号轻柴油时应采取的措施,为管道安全经济运行提供了保障。