两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

含植被坡体稳定性的年际变化规律研究

植被对边坡稳定的影响主要体现在2方面,一是植物地上部分的自重以及风荷载对坡面的压力;二是植物根系的固土作用.植物种类和生长期对含植被坡体土壤抗剪强度的影响随植物的生长发育过程而变化,且这种变化难以量化.本文通过构建单株植物模型,分析含有不同类型植被的浅层均质土坡安全系数的年际变化规律.结果表明,在综合考虑植被自重、风荷载和根系的影响条件下,含侧柏和荆条的坡体安全系数会随着植物的生长发育逐渐增大,分别在树龄为50年和30年左右达到峰值1.549和1.817,随后趋于稳定,二者的峰值安全系数较植被种植初期分别增加46.8％和54.9％.植被自重和风荷载减弱坡体的稳定性,其中植被自重影响相对较小,使含侧柏和荆条坡体的安全系数分别降低0.1％和0.7％,而风荷载的影响较为明显,使其安全系数分别降低5.9％和5.8％.研究结果可为正确评估坡体稳定性以及布设植物护坡措施提供一定的科学参考.     

不同剂量VB6、COB对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响

以富士/平邑甜茶(M.hupehensis)二年生幼树为试材,研究盆栽条件下土壤中施加不同剂量的维生素B_6(VB_6)和复合维生素B(C_OB)对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响。于2016年在山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院果树根系实验室进行富士苹果盆栽试验。5月26对富士苹果土施VB_6、C_OB,剂量分别为0,0.02,0.03,0.04g/株。6—10月测定外源维生素条件下苹果幼树株高、茎粗,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,叶绿素相对含量,光合荧光参数以及根系的生长分布状况。研究表明,不同剂量VB_6和C_OB对苹果幼树株高、茎粗,植株生物量,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,光合荧光参数和根系分布情况有不同程度的影响。盆施不同剂量VB_6、C_OB显著改善了植株生长势,叶面积以VB_6 0.03g增加最显著为22%,植株地上部分以C_OB 0.04g处理对植株株高、茎粗和新梢长度增加最显著,株高、茎粗和新梢长度在10月相比对照分别增加了24%,34%和45%,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异;地下部分,VB_6 0.03g与C_O B 0.04g两处理对根系干鲜重、总长度、总体积和总表面积增加尤为显著,根尖数和根系分叉数也显著增加。VB_6 0.02g和C_OB 0.02g剂量下苹果幼树叶片抗氧化酶活性相比对照无显著性差异,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g植株抗性得到显著性增强,抗氧化酶活性显著提高。此外,苹果幼树叶片叶绿素相对含量显著提高、光合荧光特性也得到显著性改善,且VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异。综合研究结果,VB_60.03g/株和C_OB 0.04g/株对苹果幼树的生物学性状和理化性质影响最显著,鉴于C_OB的有效施用剂量和市场价格均高于VB_6,推荐施用VB_6来改善土壤营养条件。     

间作模式下玉米/大豆的根系特征及其与团聚体稳定性的关系

通过玉米单作、大豆单作和玉米大豆间作种植,利用WINRHIZ软件分析不同种植模式下0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm不同深度土层的作物根系的根系密度、根长、根表面积等根系特征指标,并采用湿筛法对各个土层团聚体稳定性进行分析,研究根系特征对团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:单间作条件下,玉米和大豆的根系密度、根长、根表面积、根长密度、根体积等随着土层深度的增加而减少,间作模式下根系密度、根体积在0-10 cm土层分别比单作增加了14.79%和11.74%。间作模式下各土层团聚体平均重量直径和平均几何直径显著高于单作模式,团聚体破坏率、可蚀性因子K值、分形维数（D）显著小于单作模式,0-10 cm土层差异表现为极显著,充分说明间作模式下团聚稳定性优于单作模式。且以上指标在0-10 cm土层内差异最显著,随土层深度增加差异呈减小趋势;通过相关性分析,团聚体破坏率与根体积,根尖数呈显著负相关,与根长,根表面积,根长密度,根杈数极显著相关,说明根长、根长密度、根表面积和根杈对提高团聚体稳定性具有一定作用。因此,间作模式可通过增大根表面积、根长等改变根系特征,从而提高土壤团聚体稳定性。     

生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为供试土壤,设置12.5,25.0,50.0,100 g/kg 4个梯度生物炭添加量,通过盆栽试验研究不同添加量下生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,随着生物炭添加量的增加,盐渍土的电导率、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量及易氧化有机碳的含量呈现显著增加的趋势;不同生物炭添加量下,盐渍土的pH、碱解氮含量略有下降,但各添加量处理间差异不显著;而生物炭对盐渍土可交换态钠含量无显著影响。(2)添加适量生物炭(12.5,25.0,50.0 g/kg)可显著提高玉米幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,并降低叶片超氧阴离子产生速率和过氧化氢含量,从而改善玉米幼苗的生理性状;然而,较高的生物炭添加量(100 g/kg)对幼苗抗氧化系统产生不良影响,造成植物体内活性氧的累积。因此,添加适量生物炭可以改善滨海盐渍土的理化性质,并在一定程度上有效改善盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理特性,但较高用量对作物抗氧化系统具有抑制作用。     

不同质地土壤玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂效应的研究

为研究鉴选不同质地土壤秸秆还田适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,于2017—2018年在西辽河平原灌区中壤土和砂壤土秸秆还田配施人元腐熟剂和中农绿康腐熟剂,以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,共设置6个处理,测定玉米秸秆腐解率、玉米产量、玉米根系特性和土壤化学性状,研究不同秸秆腐熟剂对玉米产量及土壤特性的影响。结果表明:不同质地土壤2种腐熟剂秸秆腐解率间无显著差异;中壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为人元腐熟剂中农绿康腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂和人元腐熟剂显著高于秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,而2种腐熟剂处理之间无显著差异;砂壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为中农绿康腐熟剂人元腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂显著高于人元腐熟剂和秸秆还田不施腐熟剂。2年不同质地土壤中配施腐熟剂在根系特性、土壤化学性状方面表现为砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂效果优于人元腐熟剂,而中壤土配施2种腐熟剂效果无显著性差异。     

Root development of winter wheat in erosion‐affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape

Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g^?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.     

黄土区不同植被类型条件下土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素

为比较土壤理化性质与根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响强度,采用模拟冲刷试验与室内分析相结合的方法,探究了黄土区不同植被类型在3种处理下（含根系、含冠层、含结皮）土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示:（1）不同植被类型间,狼牙刺群落下土壤分离速率最小,显著低于达乌里胡枝子;不同处理下,含结皮土壤分离速率最大,含根系土壤次之,含冠层土壤最小。（2）土壤分离速率与容重呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05）,与有机质、团聚体呈显著负相关关系（p<0.05）。只考虑土壤理化性质对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是容重;影响铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素为有机质。（3）根系特征也是影响土壤分离速率的因素,土壤分离速率与根系生物量密度、根长密度、根系表面积密度、根体积密度呈负相关关系。只考虑根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、铁杆蒿、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根长密度;影响达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根系表面积密度。（4）本研究中,土壤分离速率回归方程D_r=0.086-0.035X₁+1.367X₂,（R²=0.767,N=36,p=0.000;X₁为土壤有机质,X₂为土壤容重）,土壤理化性质对于分离速率的作用强于根系的作用;不考虑植被类型时,土壤有机质、土壤容重是影响土壤分离速率的主导因素。     

盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度效应试验研究

以大柴旦盐湖区及其周边地区作为试验区,选取海韭菜、芦苇2种优势盐生植物作为供试种,通过对2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样和素土试样进行剪切试验,探讨了盐生植物根系对土体抗剪强度增强作用以及土体抗剪强度的影响因素。结果表明:2种植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值为13.48~21.87kPa,不含根系素土试样粘聚力值为8.45kPa,与不含根系素土相比,根—土复合体的粘聚力值增长量为5.03~13.42kPa,其增长幅度为59.53%~158.82%;海韭菜根—土复合体试样粘聚力值大于芦苇,2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值与2种盐生植物在一定范围内的根系含量之间呈正相关关系,同时一定程度上表明了试验区2种植物根系增强土体强剪强度的机制表现为,在一定范围内根—土复合体中根系密度和数量愈高则其对土体抗剪强度增强程度相对愈显著,且海韭菜对土体粘聚力的增强作用显著大于芦苇。该研究成果对研究区以及与该区地质条件相类似的其他地区利用盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度,以实现有效地防治地表水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。