生物农药壳寡糖水剂防治小麦纹枯病药效试验

通过对10%壳寡糖水剂助剂用量的影响、助剂对药效的影响、pH值对制剂贮存稳定性的影响试验,筛选出10%壳寡糖水剂的最佳配方,防治小麦纹枯病的试验结果表明,室内处理剂量600μg·mL-1、田间处理剂量1500 μg·mL-1对小麦纹桔病的防治效果可达88.40%～90.60%,且对供试作物安全.     

Root growth,water relations and mineral uptake of young ‘Delicious’ apple trees treated with soil- and stem-applied paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (2R,3R + 2S,3S)-1-(4 chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trizol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol), at 25, 50 and 150 mg active ingredient, was applied as a soil drench or stem application to 1-year-old ‘Topred Delicious’ apples. Root growth measured as relative root surface area was reduced by both soil and stem applications. There was no significant difference in dry weight of the root tissue. The root-to-leaf-area ratio was significantly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants.Water relations measured as leaf conductance and leaf water potential were significantly influenced by paclobutrazol. Leaf conductance was higher in paclobutrazol-treated plants when the plants were turgid, as well as under some water stress. Leaf water potential was significantly higher in treated plants.There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium levels found in the leaf or root tissue.     

液培杉木苗根系分泌性能的初步研究

对１年生杉木苗培养液的ｐＨ、电导率和有机碳含量的测定表明：经过杉木苗培养后的各营养液的ｐＨ均有下降趋势，其中以硝态氮营养液下降幅度最大（下降１．７２），其次是缺锌营养液（下降１．６８），最小为缺磷营养液。各种营养液的电导率变化较复杂，缺磷、缺锌和对照处理电导率增大，而硝态氮、混合氮和缺铁处理下降。杉木苗分泌有机碳以对照组最多，缺铁培养的分泌最少。     

2,4—D和环割对苹果根系活力及多胺含量的影响

以盆栽二年生新红星苹果／湖北海棠为试材，１０月份部施用２，４－Ｄ３０μｇ．ｇ＾－１水溶液和主干环割，处理后第一周和第四周测定过渡根，延长根和吸收根内源多胺（精胺，亚精胺和腐胺）含量及根系活力。结果表明：２，４－Ｄ处理后第一周，根系活力和内源多胺含量升高；第四周除吸收根变化不明显外，其他两类根活力和内源多胺含量上升。统计分析表明，根系活力与内源多胺含量显著相关，相关系数由大到小依次是多胺总量〉精度〈     

利用生物反应器大量生产人参不定根

在5 L气球型生物反应器中,采用完全浸没式培养方式,人参不定根鲜重和干重明显优于间歇浸没式培养;在培养开始时一次性注入含50 g/L蔗糖的培养基,可促进人参不定根鲜重和干重的增加;接种时,将不定根切成1 cm长、接种量为20 g时接种较适宜;增殖培养周期以30天为宜.     

Effects of vertical distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen on root growth and subsequent nitrogen uptake by field vegetable crops

Information is needed about root growth and N uptake of crops under different soil conditions to increase nitrogen use efficiency in horticultural production. The purpose of this study was to investigate if differences in vertical distribution of soil nitrogen (N_inorg) affected root growth and N uptake of a variety of horticultural crops. Two field experiments were performed each over 2 years with shallow or deep placement of soil N_inorg obtained by management of cover crops. Vegetable crops of leek, potato, Chinese cabbage, beetroot, summer squash and white cabbage reached root depths of 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.9 and more than 2.4 m, respectively, at harvest, and showed rates of root depth penetration from 0.2 to 1.5 mm day^?1 °C^?1. Shallow placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater N uptake in the shallow‐rooted leek and potato. Deep placement of soil N_inorg resulted in greater rates of root depth penetration in the deep‐rooted Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage, which increased their depth by 0.2–0.4 m. The root frequency was decreased in shallow soil layers (white cabbage) and increased in deep soil layers (Chinese cabbage, summer squash and white cabbage). The influence of vertical distribution of soil N_inorg on root distribution and capacity for depletion of soil N_inorg was much less than the effect of inherent differences between species. Thus, knowledge about differences in root growth between species should be used when designing crop rotations with high N use efficiency.     

Morphogenetic Effects of Different Mineral N-compounds on Roots of Maize (Zea mays L.), Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Plants of maize ( Zea mays L.), spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and broad bean ( Vicia faba L.) were raised in tubes filled with a soil-sand mixture and supplied with nutrient solution. The nutrient supply was varied with regard to concentration and typ of compound of "N". Due to the relatively high concentrations of "N", dry matter of shoots and roots was reduced in comparison to the control; root morphology was affected in terms of root length and root thickness. The N-compounds, used in the experiment, exerted quantitatively different influences on dry matter production and root morphology, NH₄NO₃ being the N-form which had the weakest detrimental effects. There was no specific response to NH⁺₄ or NO⁻₃ but a strong influence could be shown for NH₄Cl and N_aNO₃. Probably not only the concentration of "N" and the form of "N" have a specific influence, but also the cations and anions associated with the N-containing ion are effective.     

Physiological effects of different Cd concentrations on maize root architecture and classification北大核心CSCD

In this research, a hydroponics experiment was conducted to apply different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 μmol·L-1) to maize seedlings with two leaves and one new leaf, in order to explore the effects of the different Cd concentrations on the maize seedling growth, Cd absorption kinetics and root morphology and classification. After 5 days of Cd stress, the maize seedings were sampled, the plant height, main root length, aboveground and underground biomass, root architecture, Cd content and photosynthesis and related parameters were measured. It was found that with increasing Cd stress, the plant height, main root length, biomass and tolerance index of shoots and roots, total root length, root surface area, root volume, root forks and root tips all decreased significantly; Root average diameter and root:shoot increased significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile root parameters (root length, root surface area and root volume) of root diameter classes designated Ⅰ-Ⅲ (0-1.5 mm) showed a decreasing trend, which had a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation with root Cd concentration. The proportion of root length, root surface area and root volume with diameter between 0-0.5 mm showed a downward trend under Cd stress. Under Cd stress, Cd concentration and accumulation in underground and aboveground parts of maize seedlings increased significantly, chlorophyll content decreased, and photosynthesis was inhibited. This study has shown that Cd affected root development mainly by inhibiting the growth and morphology of fine roots, and inhibited photosynthesis, elongation and biomass accumulation of the aboveground and underground parts of the maize seedings. © 2022, Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

一株燕麦根腐病生防菌的鉴定及其防治效果

燕麦镰刀菌(Fusarium avenaceum)是引起燕麦(Avena sativa)根腐病的主要病原菌之一,为开发高效防治燕麦根腐病的绿色生物菌剂,本研究从健康燕麦根际土壤中分离筛选出一株燕麦镰孢菌高效拮抗细菌YF,并开展了形态学和分子鉴定,研究了该菌的抑菌谱及对燕麦镰孢菌的室内防治试验和作用机理。结果表明,该菌被鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus polymyxa)。活性测定发现该菌对燕麦镰刀菌的菌丝生长抑制率达到70.69%,对孢子萌发抑制率为85.92%。通过抑菌谱筛选发现该菌对常见的8种病原真菌均有较好的防治作用。利用该菌发酵液处理后燕麦镰孢菌菌丝出现异常分枝、囊泡状畸形且伴有细胞壁破裂。盆栽试验表明,该菌对燕麦根腐病的防治效果达到81.45%,其防效显著高于化学农药多菌灵(61.87%) (P < 0.05),且该菌对燕麦表现出较好的促生长作用。因此,该菌株多粘类芽孢杆菌具备了开发燕麦根腐病生物防治菌剂的潜力。     

高浓度CO2下红松幼苗根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

本文于2003年5月至10月在长白山森林生态系统定位站内研究了高浓度CO2(500和700靘olmol-1)对红松幼苗土壤呼吸以及根系呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献。经过4个生长季高浓度CO2的处理,利用LI-6400-09土壤呼吸室对红松幼苗土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸进行了测定。为了区分根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,本文采用了PVC管断根法,即每种处理下将三根PVC管插入土壤中30cm以切断根系,从而终止了植物冠层对根系碳水化合物的供应。分别于6月16日、8月20日和10月8日对管内外土壤呼吸进行了测定。结果表明大气和土壤5cm温度都存在明显的日变化,但不同处理之间没有显著差别(P>0.05)。土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸也有明显的日变化和季节变化。不同处理之间土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸差异显著(P<0.01)。6月16日、8月20日和10月8日不同处理下土壤总呼吸和根系呼吸的贡献的平均值分别为3.26、4.78和1.47靘olm-2s-1以及11.5%、43.1%和27.9%。图5表1参38。