苏麦3号抗赤霉病性的主基因+多基因混合模型分析

应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型对苏麦3号（抗病亲本）与白免3号（感病亲本）杂交组合的RIL群体进行了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传分析。结果表明,苏麦3号×白免3号重组自交系群体的小麦赤霉病抗性符合3对主基因＋多基因控制的加性-上位性模型（G-1模型）,主基因遗传率为75％左右,主基因间的互作效应也较显著,而且与主基因的加性效应相反,使赤霉病抗性减弱;赤霉病抗性的多基因效应较大,但其遗传率很小。因此在抗赤霉病育种时不仅要考虑基因间的加性效应,也要注意基因间的互作,同时也要加强微效多基因的效应累加。     

小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性现实遗传力及风险评价

为了明确小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性风险,为唑虫酰胺的合理应用提供理论依据,在室内用唑虫酰胺对小菜蛾进行抗性选育,并应用域性状分析法,研究了小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性现实遗传力(h2)和抗性发展速率。结果表明,连续筛选前13代(F0~F13),小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性现实遗传力为0.124 9;停止筛选2代后,再连续筛选11代(F16~F26),抗性现实遗传力为0.183 4;整个26代筛选期间,现实遗传力为0.167 2。当h2=0.167 2时,在致死率为50%~90%的选择压力下,预计小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺的抗性增长10倍需要15.0~6.8代,表明小菜蛾对唑虫酰胺产生抗性的风险较大。     

Drought responses of above‐ground and below‐ground characteristics in warm‐season turfgrass

Water shortages have become more chronic as periodic droughts prolong and water demand for urban and agricultural use increases. Plant drought responses involve coordinated mechanisms in both above‐ and below‐ground systems, yet most studies lack comparisons of root and canopy responses under water scarcity and recovery. This is particularly true of research focused on warm‐season turfgrasses in sandy soils with extremely low water holding capacity. To address the lack of examination of coordinated stress and recovery responses, this study compared the above‐ and below‐ground plant responses during a dry‐down period of 21 days and recovery among four warm‐season turfgrass species in the field. Canopy drought responses and recovery were quantified using digital image analysis. In situ root images were captured using a minirhizotron camera system. Common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] endured the entire drought period without losing 50% green cover while other species lost 50% green cover in 11–34 days predicted from the regression. The interspecific differences in drought resistance were mainly due to root characteristics. Other drought mechanisms appear to be responsible for differences identified in drought resistance between “Zeon” and “Taccoa Green” manilagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.]. Recovery was delayed for up to 2 weeks in the second year, warranting further evaluation for turfgrass persistence under long‐term drought. Three‐week drought posed no threat to the survival of zoysiagrass. Species and genotypic variations were found in achieving full post‐recovery, which can be used to develop water conservation strategies and to adjust consumer expectations.     

不同冷冻温度、时间对核桃枝条抗寒性生理生化指标的影响

为了测定在不同冷冻温度不同储藏时间下核桃‘温185’、核桃‘新2’枝条的抗寒性。采用室温(CK)、人工模拟低温等不同温度分别储藏5、12、24 h的核桃枝条,并测定比较了可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。结果表明,同一储藏时间不同冷冻温度下不同品种核桃枝条的可溶性糖含量、MDA含量和脯氨酸含量的变化幅度不大。-10℃低温处理5 h,‘温185’和‘新2’的可溶性糖含量较其他处理的可溶性糖含量高,分别比室温增高2.54%、0.56%。‘温185’在受到低温胁迫后MDA含量逐渐降低,而‘新2’枝条MDA含量随着储藏温度的降低呈升高、降低又升高的变化趋势。低温对核桃枝条有一定的伤害,但由于整个过程中脯氨酸变化幅度不大,枝条内脯氨酸积累量的高低与冻害程度相关性不明显。在低温条件下各个品种的SOD酶活性呈降低的变化趋势,‘温185’在5、12、24 h处理时间下枝条SOD酶活性随着储藏温度的降低呈降低、升高、降低又升高的变化趋势,但总的变化趋势是降低。‘新2’在5、12、24 h处理时间下枝条SOD酶活性随着储藏温度的降低呈降低的变化趋势。可溶性糖含量、MDA含量对核桃枝条抗寒性有较大影响。综合分析各品种抗寒性生理生化指标,可初步推测‘温185’抗寒性比‘新2’高。     

抗逆、早熟、优质鲜食杏新品种选育

针对鲜食杏生产中存在的成熟期、品质、抗逆性和丰产性等方面的问题,以极早熟、果大质优、丰产、抗逆性强、耐贮藏为育种目标,采用自然杂交实生选育法,经过18a的选育,选育出抗逆早熟优质丰产的鲜食杏新品种：沧早甜杏1号和沧早甜杏2号(暂定名),两品种成熟期早,沧早甜杏1号5月25号前后成熟,沧早甜杏2号5月23号成熟,果个大,外形美观,花期抗低温,品质优良,综合性状明显优于其他品种,具有广阔的市场前景。     

小麦黄矮病抗性遗传研究

采用 3× 4不完全双列杂交 ,对抗黄矮病性母本和丰产性父本的组合效应进行了黄矮病抗性遗传研究。结果表明 :①亲本的一般配合力效应与特殊配合力效应正向相关 ,而一般配合力效应更具重要性 ;②黄矮病抗性遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型 ,以加性基因效应占绝对优势 ,遗传决定度高达 97 6 8% ,狭义遗传力为 90 3%。     

Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on soft rot produced byErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora in potato tubers under greenhouse conditions

Summary The efficiency of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in inducing localised acquired resistance against infection byErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora was evaluated by treating potato tubers with ASA at three concentrations. Three days after treatments, tubers were inoculated withE. carotovora subsp.carotovora by wound inoculation or by irrigation with a bacterial suspension. Experiments were performed for two consecutive years. Statistical analysis revealed that treatment of tubers by immersion in ASA solutions at low concentrations induced a significant reduction in the soft rot incidence. Wounding of the tubers was the most effective inoculation method and ASA at concentration of 0.0125% (w/v), pH 7 was more efficient than at 0.025 or 0.05%. No phytotoxicity of such treatment was observed.     

Induced resistance in cotton seedlings against fusarium wilt by dried biomass of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium chrysogenum</Emphasis> and its water extract

Dry mycelium (DM) of killedPenicillium chrysogenum and its water extract (DME) were used to induce resistance in cotton plants againstFusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum (Fov). Results showed that the efficacy of either DM or DME in controlling the disease depends on both the concentration and the mode of application. DM amended to the soil at 0.25–2% (w/w) provided 32–75% protection againstFov. Soil drench with 2–5% DME (w/v) and pre-sowing seed soakage with 5–10% DME provided 51–77% and 28–35% protection against the wilt disease, respectively, whereas no protection was obtained with foliar sprays of 1–10% DME. DM and its water extract had no direct antifungal activity on growth ofFov in vitro, suggesting that disease control with DM or DME resulted from the induction of natural defense mechanisms in the cotton plants. Soil drench with 5% DME was as effective as 2% DM powder in inducing resistance againstFov, implying that the resistance-inducing substances were mostly water-soluble. Four cotton cultivars with various genetic resistance levels againstFov were tested at the seedling stage: two resistant ‘Pima’ cultivars and two susceptible ‘Acala’ cultivars. The level of protection achieved in the two susceptible cultivars with DME was equal to, or higher than, that of the two resistant cultivars treated with water. Innate and induced peroxidase activity in cotyledons or hypocotyls and roots coincided with the level of genetic resistance and DME-induced resistance, respectively. Based on our results, an integrated control strategy ofFov with both genetic resistance and induced resistance is suggested.     

Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens

Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

转基因小麦抗旱性鉴定及相关指标灰色关联度分析

以9份转ABP9基因春小麦株系UC4-1~UC4-9及其受体亲本宁春4号为材料,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对这些材料的主要农艺性状和部分生化指标进行了测定,采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量(D)值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,并利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析评价。结果表明:6份转基因小麦的抗旱性较受体亲本宁春4号增强,3份材料的抗旱性较非转基因春小麦品种定西35增强;各农艺性状和生化指标与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次分别为株高、单穗粒重、穗长、SOD活性、穗粒数、结实小穗数、有效分蘖数、POD活性、千粒重、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量。