Reduced paraquat translocation in paraquat resistant Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns is a consequence of the primary resistance mechanism, not the cause

Resistance to paraquat has been studied in detail in many weed species for more than a decade, with the precise mechanism of resistance still unclear. Several studies have indicated that reduced movement of the herbicide to the site of action in the chloroplast is at least partly responsible for endowing resistance. Although paraquat translocation studies have been performed in the past it has been rare for these studies to have been conducted on whole plants in the light, despite early observations which clearly showed that paraquat translocation is minimal unless treated plants are exposed to light. This study has addressed this issue in Arctotheca calendula by tracing the movement of ¹⁴C-paraquat in resistant and susceptible plants in both the dark and light. Differences in paraquat translocation between the resistant and susceptible biotypes of A. calendula were only observed when treated plants were exposed to light. It was observed that paraquat translocation was significantly reduced in the resistant compared to the susceptible biotype when plants were exposed to light but not in the dark. It is postulated that paraquat translocation is dependent on light mediated damage. As paraquat-induced damage is less severe in paraquat resistant plants, overall paraquat translocation is reduced in the resistant biotype.     

Prevalence,geographic distribution and phenotypic differences of Piscirickettsia salmonis EM‐90‐like isolates

Early reports accounted for two main genotypes of Piscirickettsia salmonis, a fish pathogen and causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, placing the single isolate EM‐90 apart from the prototypic LF‐89 and related isolates. In this study, we provide evidence that, contrary to what has been supposed, the EM‐90‐like isolates are highly prevalent and disseminated across Chilean marine farms. Molecular analysis of 507 P. salmonis field isolates derived from main rearing areas, diverse hosts and collected over 6 years, revealed that nearly 50% of the entire collection were indeed typed as EM‐90‐like. Interestingly, these isolates showed a marked host preference, being recovered exclusively from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) samples. Although both strains produce undistinguishable pathological outcomes, differences regarding growth kinetics and susceptibility to the antibiotics and bactericidal action of serum could be identified. In sum, our results allow to conclude that the EM‐90‐like isolates represent an epidemiologically relevant group in the current situation of piscirickettsiosis. Based on the consistency between genotype and phenotype exhibited by this strain, we point out the need for genotypic studies that may be as important for the Chilean salmon industry as the continuous surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.     

薏苡种质资源苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

【目的】干旱是影响薏苡生产的重要非生物胁迫因素,鉴定薏苡种质资源的抗旱性,确定抗旱指标,筛选抗旱种质,促进薏苡产业发展。【方法】以50份薏苡种质为材料,设置正常供水和反复干旱2个处理,在旱棚内进行盆栽试验,测定干旱对幼苗存活率、株高、茎粗、叶长、叶宽、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根长、根粗、根鲜重和根干重的影响;采用抗旱性度量值(D值)、综合抗旱系数(CDC值)、加权抗旱系数(WDC)、相关分析、频次分析、主成分分析、灰色关联度分析、隶属函数分析、聚类分析和逐步回归分析相结合的方法,对其进行苗期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。【结果】干旱胁迫对各指标均有极显著影响。相关分析表明,幼苗干旱存活率与茎粗、叶宽和根粗呈极显著正相关,与叶长、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、根长、根鲜重和根干重呈显著正相关,与株高呈不显著的正相关。频次分析表明,各指标对干旱胁迫反应的敏感程度依次为根干重、根鲜重、叶宽、根粗、根长、幼苗干旱存活率、地上部干重、茎粗、地上部鲜重、叶长和株高。主成分分析表明,6个主成分可代表薏苡抗旱性91.40%的原始数据信息量。基于D值、CDC值和WDC值的供试薏苡种质抗旱性排序相近。灰色关联度分析表明,各指标DC值与D值间的关联度大小依次为根干重、叶宽、根鲜重、茎粗、根粗、幼苗干旱存活率、根长、株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重、叶长,这与各指标DC值与WDC值的密切程度基本吻合。根据D值进行聚类分析,可将供试薏苡种质划分为5个抗旱级别,其中Ⅰ级3份、Ⅱ级17份、Ⅲ级9份、Ⅳ级20份、Ⅴ级1份。除叶长、地上部鲜重、地上部干重和根干重外,其余指标的隶属函数值、CDC值、D值和WDC值均随抗旱级别的升高而增大。逐步回归分析表明,与D值密切相关的指标有幼苗干旱存活率、株高、叶宽、根长和根鲜重。【结论】苗期抗旱性强的薏苡种质yy18-1、yy14-3和yy13-1,可作为薏苡抗旱育种、抗旱机理及干旱调控缓解机制研究材料。幼苗存活率、株高、叶宽、根长和根鲜重可作为评价薏苡种质资源苗期抗旱性的指标性状。     

模拟氮沉降对白羊草地群落特征及其坡面流水动力特性的影响

大气氮沉降的增加可能会通过草地群落进而影响坡面流水动力特性。选取黄土高原典型地带性草本白羊草为研究对象,通过设置不同施氮处理（0,2.5,5,10 g/(m2·a),以N计,下同）模拟氮沉降,采用人工模拟降雨,探究土壤有效氮升高对白羊草群落季节变化及坡面流水动力特征的影响。结果表明,一定程度的施氮可有效增加白羊草盖度,促进藻结皮的生长,但会抑制苔藓结皮的发育。施氮使Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别降低了68.6%～71.5%和44.7%～47.4%;平均流速加快了32.0%～44.0%,径流深减小了25.1%～28.7%,同时,使径流剪切力和水流功率显著增加,过水断面单位能减少。随着季节变化,9月白羊草群落坡面Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数分别较6-8月显著增加了220.2%～496.9%和79.5%～139.4%,平均流速减缓了23.5%～29.7%,径流深增加了36.4%～66.9%,径流剪切力和水流功率均显著降低,过水断面单位能增加。降雨强度对坡面流特征也存在显著影响。随着降雨强度的增大,坡面流阻力减小,进而导致流速、径流深及水流功率增加。草地具有良好的调控坡面流的作用,然而大气氮沉降的增加可能会加剧草地群落坡面土壤侵蚀。     

甘蔗对梢腐病菌Fusarium不同病原种的室内离体抗性评价

为研究甘蔗梢腐病不同病原菌的致病力差异,利用4份野生菌株(2份Fusarium sacchari、1份F.proliferatum和1份F.andiyazi)与2份诱变菌株(F.sacchari和F.andiyazi的EMS诱变菌株),采用室内离体接种方法对9份甘蔗种质材料进行梢腐病病原菌致病力测定及甘蔗抗性鉴定,根据...     

拖拉机耕深自动监测与控制

拖拉机耕深采用伺服和微机根据负荷及耕深的大小进行自动控制,使拖拉机处于最佳工况,提高作业质量和经济性。由耕作阻力的力信号和耕深变化的位移信号相叠加并和设定耕深相比较输入伺服放大器或计算机,然后输出控制信号,控制电液伺服阀的工作,改变控制阀的行程和方向,以改变输入拖拉机提升油缸的油量和流向,达到控制耕深的目的。 所组成的 TMD-1 型微机拖拉机耕深控制系统成功地进行了模拟试验和田间试验,取得了满意的结果。     

黄土丘陵区牧草篱对坡耕地土壤抗侵蚀性的影响

以苜蓿、红豆草2种牧草篱为研究对象,对黄土丘陵区坡耕地布设牧草篱前后及牧草篱形成初期草带内、带间坡耕地土壤物理性质、抗蚀性、抗冲性、抗剪性的差异及各相关性进行了研究.结果表明:1)牧草篱可以明显改善土壤容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量等物理性质;2)牧草篱影响下土壤抗蚀性、抗冲性提高,牧草篱带内土壤抗剪强度小于带间坡耕地;3)牧草篱系统内土壤抗冲系数与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量呈正相关;崩解速率与土壤容重成正相关,与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量呈负相关;土壤抗剪强度与土壤容重呈正相关(p＜0.05),与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体呈负相关.     

PEG-6000溶液胁迫下绿豆萌发期抗旱性的鉴定与评价

对PEG-6000溶液模拟旱胁迫鉴定绿豆萌发期抗旱性的最佳溶液浓度和培养介质进行了筛选,并根据筛选结果对我国近几年育成的15个绿豆品种进行了萌发期抗旱性鉴定。结果表明:PEG-6000溶液模拟旱胁迫对萌发期绿豆进行旱胁迫的适宜浓度为20%,最佳培养模式为砂培;潍绿8号、榆林绿豆、内蒙古绿豆、吉绿7号、张家口鹦哥绿豆、白绿8号和白绿6号7个品种萌发期抗旱性表现为极强,辽绿8号、保942、中绿5号、中绿11号和苏绿2号5个品种萌芽期抗旱性表现为强,其他品种萌芽期抗旱性表现为中等或差;20%的PEG-6000溶液胁迫处理不同程度地降低了绿豆品种的发芽率,促进了多个绿豆品种初生根条数的增加和胚根干物质的积累,而对胚芽的生长以及胚根长度的增加有抑制作用。     

西瓜抗病品种选育

利用我国优质轻抗枯萎病材料为母本,与美国高抗枯萎病丰产材料为父本选配而成抗病“黑旋风”品种,全生育期100天左右,雌花开花到成熟需32天,果实椭圆,黑皮红瓤少子,肉质细脆,口感好,平均单果重6kg以上,最大可达30kg。中心糖12%以上。产量高于3500kg/667m2以上,耐贮运,植株生长旺盛,易坐果,高抗枯萎病,产量及抗病性均超过对照品种,可重茬1～2年种植或缩短轮作年限3～5年,是目前较理想的西瓜新品种。