豇豆与锈菌互作中的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性及其与抗性的关系

测定了具有不同抗性水平的5个豇豆Vigna sesquipdalis Wight品种在受锈菌Uromyces vignae Barcl侵染前和侵染后的若干阶段中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并分析其与抗性的关系.结果表明,在接种后24h内,免疫和抗病品种的PPO比活性及其变化率均高于感病品种,且前者PPO比活性变化率高峰出现早,后者出现迟.在接种后,各品种的POD比活性及其变化率均上升,但中抗和感病品种的高峰出现早,免疫和高抗品种出现晚.此外,中抗和感病品种的POD比活性及其变化率在接种12h左右出现高峰后立即下降,而高抗品种的则持续上升至24h左右出现高峰,免疫品种的POD比活性也在24h左右出现高峰,但其POD比活性变化率则持续到48h左右达到高峰,且免疫和抗病品种的峰值明显大于感病品种.     

野生稻与栽培稻的杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制初探

为了开拓抗虫基因源,培育抗性稳定的水稻抗虫品种,采用感虫的栽培稻雄性不育株为母本,以高抗褐稻虱的野生稻为父本进行有性杂交。通过用改良的苗期群体筛选法,对其后代进行抗性鉴定,证实其抗性可以遗传,已成功地获得了抗褐稻虱的杂种后代。并根据飞虱在抗虫植株上的生存率、群体建立、蜜露量和稻株的受害级别等指标与感虫对照种TN1上的差异显著性作比较,综合评定杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制。结果表明,测试的N482(A)/101392组合的F_5、F_6、F_7和H_4等几个后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制均为抗生性。     

Concepts and Direction of Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants and its Application

Resistance to plant disease is often specific and metabolites and receptors contributing to this specificity may have specific structures. However, simple, structurally-unrelated compounds induce systemic resistance in unrelated plants to diverse pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses. Both resistance and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are associated with the rapid accumulation of the same structurally unrelated putative defense compounds that have diverse functions. It has been suggested that cultivar (race)-specific resistance is initiated by the specific interaction of a pathogen product (or pathogen induced product) and a plant receptor. However, restricted infection by pathogens can result in ISR and many different compounds can cause ISR. It is thus evident that there are both specific and non-specific routes to the master switch for ISR and there may be more than one master switch. Are reactive oxygen species and free radicals regulating the master switch(es) via both routes? It is also evident there are many switches, other than the master switch. Adding to the complexity of resistance and ISR are the observations that different compounds and pathways may mediate different biochemical resistances. Activation of one of the pathways may antagonize or enhance the activation or effectiveness of another. The review will address these complexities and questions and propose directions of research which require high priority. Factors which encourage and suppress the application of ISR in agriculture will also be addressed.     

中国小麦农家品种‘老白麦’抗条锈性遗传分析

小麦条锈病是小麦生产上重要的气传叶部病害。不断发掘和利用新抗源是持续控制条锈病流行危害的重要基础研究工作。‘老白麦’是我国小麦农家品种,对我国当前主要流行小种和致病类型均表现为高抗水平。本研究采用常规杂交分析方法,对‘老白麦’及其与感病品种‘Taichung 29’的杂交后代在成株期和苗期分别接种CYR32号小种和CYR33号小种,进行抗条锈性鉴定和统计分析。结果表明,‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种在苗期和成株期均表现近免疫,其全生育期抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制;对CYR32号小种在成株期表现近免疫,苗期表现高感,成株抗条锈性由1对显性基因控制,属细胞核遗传。研究结果表明‘老白麦’至少含有2对显性抗病基因,分别控制‘老白麦’对CYR33号小种的全生育期抗性和对CYR32号小种的成株抗性。基因推导分析认为‘老白麦’对CYR33的全生育期抗性基因可能为未知新基因。建议在抗病育种中加以有效合理利用,促进小麦品种中抗病基因多样化布局。     

犁体耕作阻力模型仿真分析与试验研究

为进一步提高犁体耕作性能,分析影响犁体耕作阻力的因素,基于摩尔-库仑土壤剪切理论,建立了包含犁体结构参数、土壤物理特性和犁体工作参数的耕作阻力模型,耕作阻力表达式包含了犁铲尖和犁铧切削土壤阻力、土壤在犁壁上产生的摩擦力和翻垡过程土壤动量变化产生的阻力、犁壁翻垡使土壤势能增加产生的阻力、作用在犁铧和犁壁上的横向力产生的摩擦力、土壤横向运动对犁壁产生的阻力。基于新疆玉米地土壤物理特性,建立了两种高速犁体A和B的耕作阻力方程,在不同耕宽（0.35、0.42 m）、耕深（0.255、0.305 m）和耕速(2.22、2.5、2.78 m·s^-1)作业条件下对耕作阻力进行了理论、仿真和试验研究,分析了犁体耕作阻力的影响因素,结果表明,仿真值与计算值的平均误差为3.37%,试验值与计算值的平均误差为7.18%,试验值与仿真值的平均误差为3.71%。犁体耕作阻力与铧刃角呈非线性增长关系;与耕深呈三次函数增长关系;与耕速呈二次函数增长关系;犁体耕作过程的功率消耗与耕速呈三次函数的增长关系。提出设置合理的安全系数（s_f）,使拖拉机配套功率P_s     

小麦抗源武汉2号和品冬34的抗条锈性遗传分析

为明确小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34对小麦条锈菌流行小种的抗病性及抗病遗传规律,用小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33以及致病类型Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-11、PST-Ch42在苗期接种小麦品种武汉2号和品冬34进行抗病性鉴定,并用武汉2号和品冬34分别与感病亲本铭贤169进行杂交,对F₂群体和F_2：3家系在温室进行苗期遗传分析。结果表明：武汉2号对CYR29和CYR32表现感病,对其它小种和致病型均表现抗病,且对CYR31的抗性由1对隐性基因控制;品冬34对所测试的小种和致病类型均表现高抗,且对CYR32的抗性由1对显性基因控制。     

番茄资源对叶霉病的抗性鉴定和SSR标记遗传变异分析

 对62份番茄种质资源进行了抗番茄叶霉病鉴定, 共筛选出抗病材料17份, 其中对全部生理小种(1.2.3、1.2、2.3、1.2.3.4、1.2.4)均表现抗病或免疫的材料9份;抗3个生理小种的材料4份;抗2个生理小种的材料2份;抗4个生理小种的材料2份。并应用SSR标记技术对62份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析, 50对SSR引物中筛选出11对多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物, 共扩增出94条谱带, 平均每个引物扩增出8.55条带, 多态性条带比例达63.94%, 遗传相似系数在0~1之间, 表现出丰富的遗传多态性, 可将番茄野生种和栽培种分开, 反映了种间的遗传差异。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

猪殃殃对AHAS抑制剂靶标抗性的快速分子检测

为建立猪殃殃靶标抗性快速检测方法,并明确小麦田猪殃殃Galium aparine var.tenerum对AHAS抑制剂靶标的突变类型及分布,从河南、陕西、安徽、江苏和山东5省不同田块采集疑似对AHAS抑制剂产生抗性的猪殃殃植株,采用特异性引物PCR扩增靶标酶AHAS基因保守区片段,并以直接测序法检测采集样品,通过与拟南芥AHAS基因序列比对分析后明确其突变位点。结果显示,在5省25个农田的样品中共有19个农田检测到AHAS突变,分布在河南、安徽和江苏3省;在检测样品中发现突变发生在2个位点,共有3种突变类型,分别是197位脯氨酸(CCC)突变为丙氨酸(GCC)或丝氨酸(TCC),或者是574位色氨酸(TGG)突变为亮氨酸(TTG),检测结果与田间药效反应基本一致。这种用特异性引物扩增目的片段测序的方法,由于其可以在生长当季进行检测,适用于田间靶标突变抗性猪殃殃的快速检测与监测。     

山西省苹果园山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂抗药性监测

为了明确山西省苹果园山楂叶螨(Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher)对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及发展趋势,本文采用玻片浸渍法建立了山楂叶螨相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,连续3年(2013-2015年)监测了采自山西省苹果主产区运城苹果园的山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平及变化动态。监测结果表明:田间监测种群对阿维菌素和三唑锡均处于敏感性下降及低水平抗性阶段,对哒螨灵和噻螨酮的抗性由低水平抗性升至中等水平抗性,对炔螨特处于低水平抗性。田间防治山楂叶螨时,哒螨灵与噻螨酮应淘汰不再使用,阿维菌素、三唑锡、炔螨特则应注意减少用药量及轮换用药,以延缓产生更高水平的抗药性。