毛竹顺纹抗拉性质的变异及与气干密度的关系

将毛竹轴向分段(4段)、径向分层(6层)取样,研究其顺纹抗拉弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度的变异规律,顺纹抗拉性质与气干密度之间的关系.结果表明:毛竹的顺纹抗拉弹性模量和顺纹抗拉强度的径向变异很大,不同位置竹材的顺纹抗拉弹性模量为8.49～32.49 GPa,最外层竹材的顺纹抗拉弹性模量约是最内层的3～4倍;不同位置顺竹材顺纹抗强度在115.94～328.15 MPa之间,最外层竹材的顺纹抗强度是最内层的2～3倍.用直线方程预测毛竹顺纹抗拉性质的效果略优于曲线方程的效果.     

横向振动方法评估大尺寸规格材静态抗弯弹性性质

该文通过比较大尺寸规格材动态和静态弹性模量之间的相互关系，探讨利用横向振动方法预测大尺寸板材抗弯弹性性质的可行性. 根据ASTM D198-99和ASTM D4761-96标准分别测定了加拿大针叶树商品材云杉-松-冷杉类大尺寸规格材 (38 mm×89 mm×3 658 mm) 的静态抗弯弹性模量E1和E2，并通过横向振动无损检测设备得到的动态弹性模量Etv对静态测试结果进行预测. 试验结果显示，横向振动方法得到的动态弹性模量Etv的平均值最大，比静态抗弯弹性模量E1和E2的平均值分别高5%(0.56 GPa)和15% (1.46 GPa). 动态弹性模量Etv与静态载荷方法测得的E1和E2都具有很好的相关性，相关系数分别为0.853 和0.881，均在0.01水平上呈显著相关. 该研究表明，横向振动方法能够快速准确地预测大尺寸规格材的静态抗弯弹性性质，是一种具有发展潜力的无损检测评估技术.      

温度对揉碎柠条可压缩性的影响

揉碎柠条的可压缩性对其压缩设备的设计和压缩生产工艺的选择有重要影响。该文通过对揉碎柠条在22～140℃范围内4个不同温度下的压缩试验,建立了柠条在压缩过程中压力与体积应变、压力与压缩密度以及体积模量与压缩密度的数学模型,获得了温度对揉碎柠条可压缩性的影响规律。研究结果表明：揉碎柠条在压缩过程中存在松散、过渡和压紧3个阶段,在松散阶段可压缩性较好,过渡阶段可压缩性逐渐降低,压紧阶段可压缩性迅速降低。同时,柠条的可压缩性与温度有关,在所选温度范围内,可压缩性随温度的升高而提高;且随压缩密度的增加,温度对其可压缩性的影响逐渐增强。研究结果为柠条压缩设备的设计及其加工工艺的合理选择提供了参考。     

3种散生竹的单根抗拉力学特性

植被在改善生态环境、减少水土流失、涵养水源、固土护坡等方面具有其他工程措施所不能替代的作用.现有研究表明,植物根系对土壤的力学作用,能够稳定土层结构、提高土壤的抗剪强度,是植被实现固土护坡的重要手段(Roering et al.,2003;李绍才等,2006;吕春娟等,2011). 林木根系的抗拉力学特性是影响根系固土护坡效果的重要因素(陈丽华等,2008).植物根系由众多单根构成,单根是发生根土力学作用的基本单元,单根的抗拉能力及抵抗形变能力决定了植株受外力时的整体形变状态及对土壤的约束能力,因此,具有较大抗拉强度的单根构成的根系将有助于土壤的稳固和增强.     

Natural durability of wood of ten native species from northeastern Mexico

Thorn scrub vegetation in Mexico is distributed over 50 million ha, where native tree species are the source of forage, timber, firewood and charcoal. Research describing wood durability of species from this vegetation type has not been fully determined, nor classified according to international standards. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine and classify the natural durability of ten woody species. Their natural durability was determined according to the European Pre-Norm 807, the loss of dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) (MPa) was determined and wood mass loss (g) after being exposed to Trametes versicolor and Coniophora puteana fungi. Wood durability was classified according to the European Norm 350-1. Highly significant differences (p<0.001) were found between the durability of woody species. The more durable species with lower MOEdyn lost were Condalia hookeri (57.5%±0.6%), Havardia pallens (58.2%±0.4%) and Acacia schaffneri (58.9%±6.3%). Species with lower mass loss after exposed to Coniophora puteana were Ebenopsis ebano (6.3%±1.9%), Condalia hookeri (8.6%±2.3%) and Cordia boissieri (11.8%±2.3%). E. ebano (7.1%±2.4%), Condalia hookeri (8.2%±2.5%) and Cordia boissieri (11.5%±3.1%) showed the lower mass lost after exposed to T. versicolor. According to European Norm 350-1, three woody species were classified as very durable and durable species.     

Effect of fungal exposure on the strength of thermally modified Norway spruce and Scots pine

Abstract

Thermal modification at elevated temperatures changes the chemical, biological and physical properties of wood. In this study, the effects of the level of thermal modification and the decay exposure (natural durability against soft-rot microfungi) on the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce were investigated with a static bending test using a central loading method in accordance with EN 408 (1995). The results were compared with four reference wood species: Siberian larch, bangkirai, merbau and western red cedar. In general, both the thermal modification and the decay exposure decreased the strength properties. On average, the higher the thermal modification temperature, the more MOE and MOR decreased with unexposed samples and increased with decayed samples, compared with the unmodified reference samples. The strength of bangkirai was least reduced in the group of the reference wood species. On average, untreated wood material will be stronger than thermally modified wood material until wood is exposed to decaying fungi. Thermal modification at high temperatures over 210°C very effectively prevents wood from decay; however, strength properties are then affected by thermal modification itself.     

Stiffness moduli of various softwood and hardwood species determined with ultrasound

Abstract

Comprehensive data sets of the elastic constants are available for only a few European wood species. The goal of this study was to provide stiffnesses for the principal directions and planes for further selected European softwoods and hardwoods, to extend the currently existing data sets. For this purpose, a dynamic technique was chosen: the moduli were estimated on the basis of sound velocity and density measurements. The collected data may be helpful for specialists in the relevant research and practical fields, particularly when stresses and strains of structural elements have to be calculated using modelling approaches.     

Variation in selected solid wood properties of young Pinus patula from diverse sites in the Mpumalanga escarpment area in South Africa

Regression analyses identified ‘Growth Days’ (an index expressing site moisture availability) as the only site variable contributing significantly to the prediction to wood density (R² = 0.57), whereas the model predicting grain angle included only ‘Altitude’ (R² = 0.60). These results surfaced during an investigative study to quantify various sources of variation in wood properties and to quantify the effect of a number of site factors on wood properties of Pinus patula grown in the Mpumalanga escarpment area of South Africa. For this purpose, 10 trees were sampled from each of 17 diverse sites for wood property analyses. The effects of site, distance from the pith and differences between trees within site on wood density, transverse shrinkage, grain angle and dynamic modulus of elasticity were investigated. The site factors considered included a wide variety of soil and climatic factors. The effect of radial distance from the pith and differences between individual trees within sites were highly significant, accounting for most of the variation in wood properties. Although the effects of a number of site factors were statistically significant, they generally explained relatively small but important variation in wood properties among sites. The study not only quantified the effects of important sources of variation on a few key wood properties, but it also revealed that the extent of differences between sites can be explained in terms of some specific site factors. It is envisaged that the results will contribute significantly towards the refinement of current forest site classification systems for improved decision-making with respect to wood quality in intensively managed plantation systems.     

低温对小麦麸皮拉伸力学特性参数的影响

为了揭示温度对小麦麸皮破碎性能的影响规律,选取?80～30℃作为试验温度,利用动态热机械分析仪(DMA)对小麦麸皮试样进行拉伸破坏试验,研究温度对小麦麸皮杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变等力学特性参数的影响。结果表明:随着试验温度的下降,小麦麸皮逐渐由弹塑性材料转变为脆性材料,玻璃化转变温度为?80℃。杨氏模量随着温度的下降而显著增大,?80℃时的杨氏模量增大了93.14%。极限应力对温度的变化似乎不太敏感,在整个温度变化范围内的增幅较小,约为14.58%。极限应变随着温度的下降而减小,在整个温度变化范围内,极限应变降低了66.68%。液氮消耗量随着温度的下降而呈线性升高,?80℃时的液氮消耗量是?40℃的1.74倍,是?10℃的2.94倍。同时发现,在?10℃附近杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变、液氮消耗量均出现了一个局部极小值现象。综合考虑小麦麸皮力学特性与冷媒消耗量之间的关系,低温粉碎小麦麸皮的适宜温度可取?40～0℃。基于试验结果,分别给出了杨氏模量、极限应力、极限应变、液氮消耗量关于温差的函数关系式。研究结果初步揭示了低温脆化对小麦麸皮力学特性参数的影响规律,可为小麦麸皮超微粉碎温度的选择提供参考。     

鲁中南低山丘陵区水土流失原因及治理措施

鲁中南低山丘陵区由于山高坡陡,冲蚀切割强烈,为山东省水土流失最严重的地区。阐述了鲁中南低山丘陵区水土流失的现状及危害,分析了其形成的原因。该区通过建立工程、生物、农业措施紧密结合的防护体系,有效地控制水土流失,改善生态环境,取得了显著的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。