Estimation of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) leaf nitrogen content at different growth stages using canopy reflectance spectra

The estimation of crop nitrogen status in fresh vegetation leaf using field spectroscopy is challenging due to the weak responses on leaf/canopy reflectance and the overlapping with the absorption features of other compounds. Although the spectral indices were proposed in the literature to predict leaf nitrogen content (LNC), the performance of selected spectral indices to estimate the LNC is often inconsistent. Moreover, the models for nitrogen content estimation changed with the growth stage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of published indices, ratio of data difference index (RDDI) and ratio of data index (RDI) developed by band iterative-optimization algorithm in LNC estimation. The correlation analysis, linear regression and cross validation were used to analyze the relationship between spectral data and LNC and construct the best performed estimation model. The study was conducted by the data of five growing seasons of litchi from the orchards in Guangdong Province of China. Results showed that the relationship between chlorophyll (Chl) related spectral indices and LNC varied with the growth stage. Even in flower bud morphological differentiation stage and autumn shoot maturation stage, there were not significant correlations between the proposed spectral indices and LNC. Besides it is difficult to estimate the LNC by the general model across the growth stages due to the integrated effects of cultivar, biochemical, canopy structure, etc. The band iterative-optimization algorithm can improve the sensitivity of spectral data to LNC to some extent. The optimal RDDI performed better than other indices for the synthetic dataset and the dataset in each growth stage. And the sensitive bands selected in the optimal indices at each growth stage are not consistent, which are not only related to the Chl absorption but also other biochemical components, such as starch, lignin, cellulose, protein, etc. In general, the LNC can be estimated by the optimized CR-based RDDI indices in autumn shoot maturation stage, flower spike stage, fruit maturation stage, and flowering stage with the R² > 0.50 and RMSE < 0.14. Although there were the significant relationship between RDIs and RDDIs in flower bud morphological differentiation stage, the highest R²s of the model developed by RDDIs and RDIs were less than 0.50 in cross validation. This study indicated that the applicability of canopy reflectance to estimate litchi LNC was closely related to the growth stage of litchi. Growth stage-specific models will be preferred for estimating litchi LNC estimation.     

氮营养对两种红树植物根际去除柴油污染的影响

采用温室沙培试验4个月,研究了在不同氮营养水平下红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candle)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)对柴油污染的修复作用,并探讨了氮营养对秋茄和桐花树在柴油污染暴露情况下的生长影响,以及对柴油污染去除效果的影响.结果表明,柴油污染对红树植物秋茄和桐花树的生长具抑制作用,柴油浓度越高抑制越明显,且对根部的抑制作用比对地上部显著,增加氮营养水平可以促进红树植物对高浓度柴油污染的耐受性.在各种污染水平下,柴油中总石油烃在秋茄和桐花树的非根际区去除率为72%~80%,在根际区则高达90%以上.相同污染水平下,增加氮营养水平可有效促进秋茄和桐花树根际对柴油的生物去除效率.     

光合细菌固定化及其处理黄泔水的研究

以PVA-硼酸混合载体法固定光合细菌处理黄泔水,探讨其对黄泔水处理的较佳工艺条件。结果表明：光合细菌的包埋条件为10％聚乙烯醇、4％SiO2、0．15％海藻酸钠和30％菌液。在好氧黑暗、pH值8．0、菌液接种量20％、装液量100mL条件下,固定化光合细菌处理黄泔水120h,其CODcr去除率为91％。     

征地拆迁、整建制转居与农民财产权 ——基于北京市大兴区北程庄村的调查与思考

对北京市大兴区北程庄村的土地征占、整建制转居和集体经济产权制度改革进行调研发现,乡村在快速城市化进程中的核心问题是维护和发展农民的财产权利。建议从根本上改变现行的征地思维和征地制度,保障两种土地公有制的平等地位;落实户籍制度改革,全面取消农转居政策;实行集体土地与国有土地同样可以开发建设城市的政策制度;及时撤销"三无村"或"空壳村"的村委会建制,完善撤制乡村集体资产处置办法。     

低碳氮比畜禽粪水厌氧消化液短程硝化脱氮试验研究

针对畜禽粪水厌氧消化液存在低C/N、后续可生化性差等问题,提出利用短程硝化反硝化技术处理高氨氮畜禽粪水厌氧消化液。结果表明:在(29±1)℃条件下,通过调节曝气量控制DO在0.6~0.9 mg·L~(-1)之间,接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥可快速实现短程硝化反硝化;之后在恒定曝气量下使反应器内DO为0.1~2.88 mg·L~(-1)时,在处理高氨氮粪水过程中,通过对比四组不同pH和游离氨(FA)发现,当pH=8、FA=18 mg·L~(-1)左右时更利于亚硝化菌的优势竞争并可长期稳定实现短程硝化反硝化;应用MPN法测得氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)数量之比为600∶1。SBR反应器稳定运行期间COD负荷和氨氮负荷分别为2.0~3.5 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)和0.6~0.8 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),COD去除率为63%~71%,NH~+_4-N去除率在94.9%以上,NO-2-N积累率(NAR)达到94.25%以上。     

无回流生物滤床净化槽脱氮效果的研究

构建一种脱氮的无回流生物滤床家庭生活污水处理一体化净化槽,研究其处理效果;改变各区内的曝气形式,形成A/O/A/O的脱氮工艺,通过测定各区COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和TN的浓度变化,考察其处理效果。结果表明:随着净化槽各区生物滤床的加入,反应器抗冲击性增强,处理效果明显提高。但A/O/A/O系统中第二级厌氧过程因碳源不足,脱氮效果不佳,改用分段进水后,净化槽不仅运行稳定,而且取得了很好的处理效果,出水COD平均浓度12.3 mg·L~(-1),NH+4-N平均浓度2.7 mg·L~(-1),TN平均浓度13.0mg·L~(-1),均达到国标(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。A/O/A/O生物滤床新型净化槽不仅在结构上形成一体化,而且由于生物滤床的使用,不需要污泥回流,节省能耗,通过分段进水可以实现过程脱氮。     

不同密度铜锈环棱螺对不同水体指标影响效果的研究

研究了铜锈环棱螺对2种不同水体中CODMn、叶绿素a、NH3-N、NO3-N和TP的去除效果。结果表明：铜锈环棱螺对于水体中的CODMn、叶绿素a、氮、磷等有一定的去除效果,放养密度、水质肥瘦度、培养时间等3个因素对其去除率存在显著性差异。具体表现为：放养铜锈环棱螺密度与其耗氧速率呈正相关;水体中叶绿素a含量呈现同步降低的规律,但在培养后期（7 d后）,2组不同肥瘦度水样中叶绿素含量均下降不明显,即消除率降低;随着培养时间的延长,水样中的COD含量普遍有所增加;NH3-N和NO3-N的去除率在一定条件下与放养密度、水质肥瘦度以及培养时间存在差异性。因此,针对不同肥瘦度的水体,不同的水质指标,应该选择不同的投放密度以达到比较满意的净化效果。     

Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments

Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO₃⁻) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO₃-N (300 μg g dw⁻¹) alone, and with NO₃-N and sulfide (H₂S) (100 and 200 μg g dw⁻¹). Nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrite (NO₂⁻), NO₃⁻, ammonium (NH₄⁺), SO₄²⁻ and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H₂S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C₂H₂) addition in microcosms with added H₂S. With no added H₂S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H₂S concentrations generally increased NO₃-N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N₂O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N₂O to N₂ in the absence of C₂H₂, anomalously high transient NO₂-N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH₄-N formation generally decreased due to H₂S addition at the freshwater sites; NH₄-N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H₂S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO₄²⁻-containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH₄⁺ in these coastal freshwater sediments.     

脱二氧化碳装置对循环水养殖系统pH的影响

为了调节循环水系统中养殖水体的pH,根据气体交换原理,设计一种脱二氧化碳(CO_2)装置。采用该装置去除养殖水体中的CO_2,并对由于CO_2含量累积造成的pH下降进行调节,使养殖鱼类处在一个适宜的pH环境中。试验时水温控制在(25±0.5)℃,每1 h取水样测1次pH,每4 h测1次碱度。水样取自养鱼桶内的水,检测前先对水样用40μm孔径针头过滤器进行过滤处理,实验周期24 h。结果显示,循环水系统加装脱二氧化碳装置能有效去除CO_2,使水体稳定在一个适宜的pH范围(7.39~7.42);CO_2质量浓度呈降低趋势,24 h后由开始的13.16 mg/L降低到7~8 mg/L,降低近50%,而不加装脱二氧化碳装置的循环水系统CO_2质量浓度持续上升,24 h后增加到37 mg/L左右,pH持续降低,最终降低到6.72~6.81。研究表明,脱二氧化碳装置能够有效去除水体中的CO_2,使水体pH维持在一个适宜鱼类生长的范围。     

几种植物对城市尾水中重金属的去除效果研究

为了筛选适合吸收城市尾水中重金属的植物品种,研究了酸模(Rumex acetosa L.)、莎草(Cyperus glomeratus L.)和空心菜(Ipomiea aquatica Forsk)3种植物对城市尾水中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的去除效果,并以酸模为材料,研究其对人工模拟重金属Cd和Pb污染水体的适应性。结果表明:酸模、莎草、空心菜3种植物对城市尾水中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的去除率分别为74.33%、60.43%、45.45%、36.43%,其中酸模对重金属的去除效果最好,其次是莎草和空心菜。酸模对尾水中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb的去除率分别达到了86.63%、90.37%、76.81%、66.67%。Cd和Pb含量分别在0.5～2.0mg/L和0.2～0.4mg/L时酸模有较好的耐性。因此,酸模更适合于城市尾水中重金属的吸收修复,且对一定质量浓度Cd和Pb表现出较好的去除效果。