我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化研究

综述了我国水稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化及其致病基因和致病机制的研究进展 ,查明稻白叶枯病菌致病力分化状况是进行水稻抗白叶枯病育种及其抗性品种利用的基础。     

鸡球虫对机体的致病作用研究进展

球虫在鸡体内进行生命活动的同时对鸡体产生不同程度的损害，球虫感染后的致病性和病理学反应是球虫与宿主机体相互作用的结果。本文就鸡球虫致病作用及其对宿主细胞代谢的影响、及影响球虫致病性的因素的研究进展予以综述，对鸡球虫病的防治具有一定的指导意义。     

粪臭素在家畜养殖中的危害

粪臭素是L-色氨酸的细菌降解产物，是引起反刍动物急性肺水肿和肺气肿(ABPE)的主要物质，同时也是产生猪肉异臭味的主要物质，严重危害家畜养殖。本文综述了粪臭素的理化性质及合成途径、在家畜中的作用机理、影响粪臭素的因素及降低家畜体内粪臭素的方法等内容。     

七种与小麦近缘的野生植物对禾谷缢管蚜抗性的生化机制

研究了7种与小麦近缘的多年生野生植物长穗偃麦草Elytrigia elongata、费尔干偃麦草E. ferganensis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、华山新麦草Psathyrostachys huanshanica、竖立鹅观草Roegneria japonensis、鹅观草R. kamoji和R. tsukushiensis对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi抗性的生化机制.禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率(rm)与叶片游离脯氨酸和蛋氨酸含量呈极显著和显著正相关,其逐步回归方程为:rm=-0.0198 0.1930X脯氨酸** 0.3350X蛋氨酸* ;总酚含量与禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率无显著相关关系;丁布含量与内禀自然增长率呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.941**,p<0.01).低含量的游离脯氨酸﹑蛋氨酸及高含量的丁布是小麦近缘多年生野生物种抗蚜的重要生化因子.     

森林生态保护与效益补偿法律机制研究

回顾了森林生态保护与效益补偿机制研究现状与存在问题 ,分析了传统的生态保护政策法律手段的作用和历史局限性 ,指出在市场经济条件下 ,法律机制是生态保护和效益补偿机制的主要保障。着重研究了森林生态补偿法律关系中的主体、客体、补偿强度、补偿方法 ;从立法、执法、监督以及产权改革等方面 ,系统提出了建立我国森林生态补偿法律机制的途径和措施     

Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of oncosis

Oncosis is another form of cell death, which is different from apoptosis. The review will discuss the recent advances of oncosis on pathological morphology, nuclear biochemical changes and molecular mechanisms.     

天然食品防腐剂作用机理研究进展

食品防腐一直是食品和畜产品加工业所面临的难题 ,在化学防腐剂和传统的物理除菌方法受到种种限制的同时 ,天然食品防腐剂的研究和应用进入了一个新领域 ,也逐渐显示其优势。本文从天然食品防腐剂的作用模式及其微生物对这些防腐剂的抗性机制出发 ,讨论既能满足消费者需求又能有效防腐的新的食品保护剂领域的趋向以及需要解决的问题     

草原灌丛化入侵:过程、机制和效应

草原灌丛化已成为全球性问题,也是生态学、畜牧学研究的热点问题。紧扣草原灌丛化过程、发生机理及其生态学后效等关键问题,介绍了国内外的最新研究进展。灌木入侵途径包括有意识引进入侵和自然入侵2类,入侵过程分为传播到达、定居建群和扩散入侵3个阶段。放牧、火烧、温室气体增加,干旱以及降水格局改变等均可导致草本向木本的转化,且机制复杂,主要有影响草本,木本植物盖度、水分利用效率、化感作用等。木本植物入侵打破了草原生态系统的稳定,表现出沃岛效应,影响动植物的分布以及生态系统的功能和服务。阐明草原“草本-木本”群落演替机制,可为我国研究草原灌丛化和管理提供理论借鉴。     

人工改造野生大豆GsDREB2基因对植物耐盐和耐渗透胁迫能力的影响

DREB (dehydration responsive element binding protein)转录因子是一个干旱应答元件的结合蛋白,它能特异结合启动子中含有DRE/CRT顺式元件,激活逆境诱导基因的表达,调控植物对干旱、低温、高盐、高温等胁迫的耐逆性。大量研究表明DREB转录因子在信号传导、作用机理及基因表达方面存在复杂性。为了野生大豆来源GsDREB2基因能更有效地发挥功能,人工突变该基因的负向调节结构域(negative regulatory domain, NRD,140~204),经改造命名为GsDREB2-mNRD。在酵母中比较全长基因(FLDREB2)和GsDREB2-mNRD转录激活和与DRE元件结合的能力,并验证GsDREB2-mNRD核定位情况。分别将FLDREB2和GsDREB2-mNRD转化拟南芥,通过拟南芥幼苗期盐胁迫和渗透胁迫试验,比较GsDREB2-mNRD和FLDREB2在提高植物耐盐和渗透胁迫方面的差异。结果表明,GsDREB2基因内部存在着负向调节结构域(NRD),抑制了GsDREB2转录激活功能和DRE元件结合的特性;经改造的GsDREB2基因依然能定位在细胞核;超量表达GsDREB2-mNRD基因的拟南芥耐盐和渗透胁迫能力明显强于非转基因对照,也高于FLDREB2基因超表达的拟南芥;野生大豆来源的GsDREB2基因NRD结构域的缺失可增强该基因在植物耐盐、渗透胁迫等逆境胁迫下的功能。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.