Modelling optimal timing and frequency of insecticide sprays for knockdown in preparation for other control measures

A modelling investigation was conducted into optimizing the number of sprays and inter-spray interval to reduce an insect population to a low level, for example, prior to pheromone trapping or the release of sterile males. The model population was age-structured and density-dependent. If spray mortality is 100% for each spray, then the ideal spraying schedule is easily determined from the durations of the various life stages. For spray mortality of less than 100%, a simulation was used to determine optimal spraying schedules. Relative length of the larval period, fertility rate and age to first oviposition were found to be the most important biotic parameters for this determination. Their importance is magnified as spray mortality decreases. The stage targeted by sprays and the percent mortality caused by each spray are also important in determining the required number of sprays. Using medfly (Ceratitis capitata Wiedmann) biotic parameters as an example when the spray targets adults, it appeared that neither the stage at which density-dependent mortality takes effect, nor the form of the adult survivorship curve are important in determining the optimal spray schedule.     

西宁盆地4种草本和灌木植物降盐效应试验研究

以西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区为研究区,筛选出适宜当地气候条件下生长的2种灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王[Zygophyllum xanthoxylon(Bunge)Maxim.]和2种草本植物细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum cv.Slender)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)作为试验供试种,在试验区对4种植物采用单一种植和组合种植方式,探讨2种种植条件下植物根系在边坡地表以下垂直方向土体中K^+、Ca^2+、Na^+、Mg^2+、SO4^2-、Cl^-、HCO3^-、CO3^2-等8种易溶盐离子含量及其变化特征,评价了区内2种草本和2种灌木植物降低边坡土体盐分的能力。结果表明:单一种植细茎冰草、紫花苜蓿、柠条锦鸡儿、霸王对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Na^+具有显著降低作用,草本与灌木组合Ⅰ(柠条锦鸡儿+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)和草本与灌木组合Ⅱ(霸王+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Mg^2+、K^+、Na^+表现出显著降低作用;紫花苜蓿的降盐效果相对较为显著、其次为柠条锦鸡儿和细茎冰草,霸王的降盐效果不及前者显著;草本与灌木组合Ⅱ的降盐效果相对显著于草本与灌木组合Ⅰ。     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

Optimising codend configuration in a multispecies demersal trawl fishery

Abstract The relative efficiencies and selectivities of conventional and modified codends were examined in a demersal trawl fishery targeting several species, including eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus (Hess), whiting, Sillago spp. and cephalopods. The modifications to codends included: (i) reducing the circumference; (ii) increasing the mesh size in conventional diamond‐mesh designs; and (iii) orientating meshes on the bar so that they were square shaped. The codends were tested against a fine‐meshed control in paired comparisons onboard three commercial trawlers. The conventional codend comprised 41‐mm diamond‐shaped mesh attached to an anterior extension section at a ratio of 150 to 100 meshes and was demonstrated to be non‐selective for the targeted species. Reducing codend circumference to 100 meshes and increasing the size of mesh to 45 mm both improved selection for eastern king prawns, but the lateral mesh openings were estimated to be insufficient to allow juveniles of the other key species to escape. By contrast, codends made from 35‐ and 41‐mm mesh hung on the bar improved the size selection for eastern king prawns and selected stout whiting, Sillago robusta (Stead) (the smallest commercial‐sized fish) across narrow selection ranges and at 50% sizes of retention (L₅₀s) that were closely correlated to the transverse morphology of fish and the maximum mesh opening. With the exception of a reduction in catches of octopus, Octopus spp., by the 41‐square codend, there were no other impacts on commercial catches by the square‐mesh designs. It was concluded that diamond‐mesh codends are inappropriate for use throughout this multispecies fishery and that a modified design comprising at least 35‐mm mesh hung on the bar is required to minimise the fishing mortality of unwanted sizes of the key target species. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of these types of modifications for closely regulating selection in penaeid‐shrimp trawls.     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

基于粗糙集的属性约简算法在农业机械中的应用

传统的利用区分矩阵进行属性约简算法,其时间复杂度和空间复杂度很大.近年来提出了各种启发式算法,其时间复杂度由原来指数级递增降到了平方级递增,但此算法并不能保证找到最优解.为此,提出了属性约简的改进算法,其在时间复杂度和空间复杂度上都降低很多,易于求出最优解.把此算法用于对一款农业机械的评估判断和规则提取,用VC++和SQL Server 2000进行实现,并通过专家数据验证其正确性.     

添加剂湍流减阻流动的传热特性数值计算

采用雷诺应力模型和Cross粘度方程,对二维轴对称圆管内湍流流动的聚丙烯酰胺稀溶液（PAM）的流场和温度场进行了数值模拟.在数值计算结果的基础上,系统研究了流速对减阻流体的减阻性能和传热特性的影响.结果表明,减阻流体的减阻率和传热降低率随流速的增大逐渐增大到渐进值,而且传热降低率恒大于减阻率.减阻流体柯尔本（Colburn）因子与摩擦系数的对比结果表明柯尔本比拟,特别是在较低流动雷诺数下有较大偏差.     

减阻剂室外埋地评价环道及瞬态模型

针对减阻剂室内评价环道存在的问题,设计安装了管径159mm、长300m的室外埋地评价环道,其管径、长度、油品流速更接近于实际管道.该装置采用高压氮气作为动力源,测试段沿线布设高精度压力传感器和高频压力传感器,测试段出口设有超声波流量计,同时安装有耐压罐和常压罐.由于在环道评价试验中装置的压力不断变化,因此建立了试验过程氮气管路、油品管路、氮气罐、耐压罐的瞬态模型,使用VB语言编制了计算程序,用以计算不同粘度和初始压力下的油品流速和压力变化,雷诺数范围和试验时间,判断试验条件的可行性.     

Dynamical analysis of net cage structures for marine aquaculture: Numerical simulation and model testing

A numerical model for analyzing dynamic properties of a net-cage system exposed in the open sea is proposed. The model is based on a lumped-mass method. In this model, the mooring lines are divided into linear elements and the net cage divided into several plane surface elements. The interconnected points or corners are called nodes or lumped-mass centers. The external force is calculated on each element and then equally distributed to its nodes. By adding the contributed forces from the neighboring elements, a system of motion equations for nodes is formed. The volume reduction coefficient of a net cage is estimated by the ratio of minimum volume of net cage during fluid and structure interaction to the original volume. In general, the numerical results are in good agreements with the experimental data. However, the results also show that if the Reynolds number is lower than the suggested range of 1400–1800, the numerical model may underestimate the environmental forces on a net-cage system.     

仿海豚皮肤结构的功能表面提高离心泵效率

为了提供一种可利用仿生功能表面提高泵类产品效率的方法,该文分别以鲨鱼皮肤及海豚皮肤表面结构为模仿原型,设计了2种仿生功能表面,模仿鲨鱼皮肤结构的功能表面为模型1,仿海豚皮肤结构的功能表面为模型2,并以吉林市奥吉通泵业有限公司生产的200QJ50-26离心式水泵为载体,进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,模型1可提高水泵效率2%~3%,模型2可提高水泵效率5%,且模型2在全流段范围内增效效果显著。利用氢气泡流动显示试验,从流场尾迹再附点及涡距2个方面说明了上述2种模型对流体介质的控制机制。试验结果表明,模型2相比模型1,其尾迹再附点距离降低5 mm,而尾迹涡距距离却增加3 mm。说明模型2的压差阻力得到降低,此外,模型2通过降低涡生成密度及速度的方式降低能量的耗散,其减阻效果更明显。该研究为仿生功能表面在以流体为工作介质的流体机械及在流体介质中运行的交通工具的全面应用提供了参考。