固定化藻菌去除淡水养殖废水氨氮效果及模型拟建

[目的]研究固定化藻菌去除淡水养殖废水氨氮效果及模型拟建。[方法]利用固定化藻菌（ABI）处理淡水养殖废水中的氨氮,采用多因子正交试验得到温度（T）、pH、光照强度（I）、溶解氧（DO）和填充率五因子与氨氮去除率（AR）之间的关系数据,拟建五因子与AR关系模型。[结果]五因子对AR均具有显著影响,最佳去氨氮组合为：温度30℃、pH值7.0、光照强度6000lx、溶解氧5.0mg/L、填充率10%。根据试验数据拟建的方程模型决定系数R^2=0.8648、相伴概率P〈0.05,对AR的模型预测值与实际测值进行样本T-检验,结果表明总体均值差异显著值sig.为0.978（P〉0.05）,模型预测值与实际测值数据组无显著性差异,模型具有较高拟合度。[结论]为实现养殖废水中氨氮去除或浓度降低提供了参考依据。     

Aquaculture development in India: An economic overview with special reference to coastal aquaculture

Abstract

Coastal aquaculture emerged as a sunrise sector in India during the 1990s. It was identified as a sector full of promise for expanding exports and for adding to foreign exchange. The sector has more than fulfilled its promise and has more in store. This paper gives an overview of the role and development of fisheries in general and aquaculture in particular in India. Growth, sources of growth, contribution to national gross domestic product, impact on rural economy, socio‐economic impacts, generation of backward linkages, and export growth of coastal aquaculture in terms of composition, direction and penetration are reviewed. The paper concludes on an optimistic note for development of coastal aquaculture in the country with the streamlining of policy measures for production and marketing.     

循环海水养殖系统硝化滤器中氨氧化微生物分析

研究循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着生物膜的微生物群落结构可以为提高其处理速率和效率,并为特异性工程菌构建提供依据。采用改良的AFLP方法分析了循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着的氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因和氨单加氧酶amoA基因片段及其系统发育情况。结果表明:分析16S rRNA基因得到的序列片段比分析amoA基因片段得到了更多信息,准确度较高,可作为分析循环水养殖硝化滤器氨氧化菌群组成的有效方法。克隆测序所得序列与网上公布数据比对,可见存在于循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌与Nitrosomonas cryotolerans、Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrosospira tenuis、Nitrosomonas marina相似度达100%,与Nitrosomonas aestuarii相似度为87%。大部分属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),仅少数序列属于亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。采用16S rRNA基因和amoA片段分析方法得到的附着于封闭循环海水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌主要为变形菌(Proteobacteria)的β-亚类的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和少量的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)氨氧化细菌,以及一定数量的γ-亚类氨氧化细菌。     

Disease Problems Affecting Fish in Tropical Environments

ABSTRACT

Aquaculture produce in Asian countries contributes a major share to total global fish production. However, disease due to biotic and abiotic factors results in considerable losses to the industry. The most frequently encountered bacterial agents associated with fish diseases in tropical environments are Vibrio sp. in marine and brackish-water systems and motile aeromonads in freshwater systems. Virulence mechanisms of these bacterial species have been widely studied. Though a few viral agents such as rhabdovirus, reo-like virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, picornavirus, and irido-like virus have been recorded in different parts of Asia, such reports are scanty. Among fungal pathogens, Aphanomyces invaderis is the most virulent and has been reported to be associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Other fungal agents such as Achlya sp. and Saprolegnia sp. have been recorded in various disease conditions. In addition to various conventional microbiological and serological methods, nucleic acid-based methods are being widely adopted for diagnosis of different fish diseases. Few successful vaccines have been developed to protect against disease conditions, and some of the better known ones are against vibriosis and furunculosis. Many other vaccines are still in the experimental stages. Early diagnosis of disease and development of successful vaccines are important for the future development of aquaculture.     

原位杂交技术及其在水产养殖中的应用

原位杂交技术是近年来快速发展起来的一门新技术。本文介绍了原位杂交技术的基本原理和几种常用的原位杂交技术,并概述了原位杂交技术在水产养殖中的应用现状,包括该技术在基因定位、性别鉴定和病毒检测等领域的应用。此外,还对该技术的应用前景进行了展望。     

水产养殖对水域环境的影响及污染防治对策

综述了水产养殖对水域水质、底质以及水生生态系统的影响。指出水产养殖要走可持续发展的道路,并结合实际提出了防治水产养殖环境污染的对策。     

生物强化移动床生物膜反应器处理水产养殖循环水初步研究

利用自制的硝化细菌菌剂促进移动床生物膜反应器(Moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)的挂膜启动,分析不同载体氨氮负荷、碳氮比条件下反应器运行状况,并进一步进行了实验室模拟循环水养殖草金鱼实验。结果显示,利用自制硝化菌剂能够完成整个移动床反应器的启动过程,在接种15 d后使循环出水氨氮稳定在1 mg/L以下。单位体积载体氨氮负荷实验表明,MBBR能够在100 mg TAN/(L填料·d)条件下,使出水满足一般水产养殖水质要求(氨氮0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮0.1 mg/L)。进水碳氮比在1以内时MBBR能够稳定高效运行。在实验室模拟循环水养殖过程中,经菌剂强化的MBBR能维持循环出水氨氮低于0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮低于0.05 mg/L。     

光环境因子对循环水养殖系统中大西洋鲑生长和摄食的影响

采用正交实验法,研究了不同光色(白光,A1;蓝光,A2;红光,A3)、光周期(24L︰0D,B1;12L︰12D,B2;8L︰16D,B3)和光强(0.88 W/m2,C1;4.55 W/m2,C2;8.60 W/m2,C3)对循环水养殖系统中体质量(850.97±82.77)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长和摄食的影响。实验设A1B1C1(1)、A1B2C2(2)、A1B3C3(3)、A2B1C2(4)、A2B2C3(5)、A2B3C1(6)、A3B1C3(7)、A3B2C1(8)、A3B3C2(9)9个处理组,在相应设定条件下饲养180 d。结果表明,在光色为红光、光周期为12L︰12D和光强8.60 W/m2条件下大西洋鲑的成活率最高,但光色、光周期和光强对成活率的影响差异不显著(P0.05);实验期间各组鱼的相对增重率和肥满度差异均不显著(P0.05);至第120天,2、5、6组鱼的体长特定生长率显著高于1组(P0.05);至第180天,1、2、4、7、8组鱼的体质量特定生长率显著高于6组(P0.05),1、2、3、4、7、8、9组鱼的日增重显著高于6组(P0.05),9组鱼的体质量变异系数显著低于7组(P0.05)。9组鱼血浆中生长激素显著高于1、2、3、4、6、7和8组(P0.05);摄食率、饲料转化效率和饲料系数最佳时的光照条件为:红光、12L︰12D、8.60 W/m2,但光色、光周期和光强对摄食率、饲料转化效率及饲料系数的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。本实验条件下,较为适宜的光照条件是:红光、12L:12D、8.60 W/m2。     

菜-鱼复合设施种养系统构建与运行试验分析

针对工厂化循环水养殖废弃物资源化利用难题，该研究将传统鱼菜共生技术进行改进，提出并构建一种菜-鱼复合设施种养模式。通过设计3路水循环工艺流程，将工厂化循环水养殖、蔬菜无土栽培(即鱼菜共生系统)与传统土壤种植结合，以促进水产养殖固液废弃物全循环利用。基于质量平衡原理，根据投饲量和养殖尾水排放量提出鱼菜生物量配比和发酵装置体积计算方式，以提高系统营养物质利用效率。建立一套中试系统，使用该系统同时养殖大口黑鲈、种植水培生菜和番茄160 d，结果显示：鱼类生长良好，最终养成密度为41.6 kg/m³，特定生长率为0.42%，存活率99.95%，饵料系数为1.4；蔬菜长势良好，收获水培生菜1 205 kg，收获番茄果实2 400 kg。水质情况总体稳定：总氨氮平均浓度为(0.83±1.46)mg/L、亚硝酸盐平均浓度为(0.035±0.062)mg/L、硝酸盐平均浓度为(25.1±8.06) mg/L、溶解氧浓度范围为4.25～7.16 mg/L、p H值平均为6.8；水产养殖废弃物发酵后，可使水体中总磷含量提高141%，钾离子含量提高7%；系统经济效益和生态效益较好：年利...