大型海藻南方浒苔(Ulva meridionalis)对水产养殖废水净化作用的研究

[目的]为了确定南方浒苔（Ulva meridionalis）对水产养殖废水的净化效率、最适藻体密度和最佳处理时长。[方法]实验以模拟水产养殖废水为藻体培养液,设置0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 g/L（实验组）和0 g/L（对照组） 共6个藻体密度梯度,培养于bluepard生化培养箱内,在第0, 12, 24,36,48,60,72 h测定藻体培养液中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、PO4--P的浓度。[结果]结果显示,南方浒苔对水产养殖废水具有显著的净化效果（P<0.05）,其中净化养殖废水最适藻体密度为2.5 g/L。在南方浒苔最适藻体密度下有效净化水产养殖废水中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、PO4--P时最佳处理时长分别为24、60、48、72 h,其去除率分别可达96.02%、51.83%、80.85%、97.67%。同时,南方浒苔对不同形式无机氮的吸收效率会受到水产养殖废水中不同氮源组成的影响,具体表现为先吸收 NH4+-N再吸收NO3--N 最后吸收NO2--N。[结论]研究表明,藻体密度为2.5 g/L的南方浒苔在水产养殖废水中处理72 h对废水中氮磷净化效果最佳。[意义]本研究可为生物净化水产养殖废水提供数据支持。     

Long-term culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in submerged cages during winter affects behaviour, growth and condition

In the search for alternative farming methods, we investigated whether large salmon submerged below 10 m in winter conditions behaved normally and performed as well as control fish held in standard surface cages. On average, 2345 salmon of ~ 3.5 kg were kept in each of six 2000 m³ sea-cages for 6 weeks; three of which were submerged to 10–24 m depth and three acted as surface controls (0–14 m). Behaviour during both day and night was studied with echo-sounders, and underwater video cameras fitted with infra-red lamps. A sub-sample of fish from each cage was weighed, measured and assessed for fin and snout condition prior to and after the experimental period. In addition, the vertebral column of 50 fish from the control and submerged treatments were dissected and X-rayed to assess vertebral deformities. The submerged salmon seemed unable to re-fill any gas into the swim bladder, as a linear decrease in echo reflection to < 5% of pre-submergence levels after 22 days of submergence indicated loss of almost all gas from the physostomous swim bladders and negatively buoyant fish. Around day 22, submerged salmon swam at night time with a distinct ‘tail-down, head-up’ tilt (26°) compared to the horizontal swimming position of control fish (− 3°). Average swimming speed (body length per second) of submerged salmon were 1.3–1.4 times faster (day: 0.77 ± 0.02; night: 0.46 ± 0.02, (mean ± SE)) than control fish (day: 0.54 ± 0.01; night: 0.37 ± 0.02) both during day and night. Almost no mortality was seen, and the submerged salmon maintained similar diurnal vertical migrations as the surface fish, indicating that deep submergence did not exhaust the fish. However, submerged fish fed less efficiently, resulting in lower growth and reduced feed utilization. Fins and snouts of the submerged fish had small, but significantly more erosion than the control fish. Vertebrae in the tail region were significantly compressed in the submerged fish compared to control fish. This could be an early symptom of development of vertebral deformities. The results suggest that continuous submergence below 10 m for longer than 2 weeks reduces the welfare and performance of Atlantic salmon.     

营养液膜技术栽培牧草净化循环流水水产养殖废水的试验

为研究植物生态净化技术集成至循环流水水产养殖系统的可行性,构建了4个(4重复)3.0m×0.5m×0.05m(长×宽×高)的植物滤器处理淡水白鲳(Colossoma brachypomum)高密度养殖废水。每个植物滤器生长0.8m2NFT(营养液膜技术)培多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenneL.)。废水每周更换一次,每次25.4L,连续运行40d。7d循环灌溉处理后,NO3--N、TN、TP、COD的去除率分别达96.1%、86.2%、90.5%、88.7%,pH从6.4升高至8.4,而水体积只消耗29.7%。除UIA由于pH升高而超标外,所有水质指标均符合渔业水质标准。牧草日增长仅2.3mm,显著低于用商品营养液培育的牧草生长速度(日增长13.2mm)。鲜草TAN和NO3--N含量分别为107.9和42.5μg.g-1,试验结束时收获鲜草582.9g.m-2,烘干后得到干草102.5g.m-2,干湿比0.176。结果表明,植物滤器能解决生物滤器引起的N、P、COD累积以及pH下降等问题,是一种环境友好的水处理方法。为使牧草良好生长,建议定期将牧草返回培育系统用商品营养液培养一段时间。     

碳氮比对生物絮凝反应器处理水质效果的影响

为探究不同C/N对以生物絮凝反应器为唯一水处理装置的循环水养殖系统的废水处理的影响,以鳗鱼循环水养殖废水为研究对象,分别设置不同DOC/DIN梯度(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC; Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN,C/N:0、5、10和15)进行相关研究。实验结果表明:C/N=0时(未添加碳源),反应器没有脱氮除磷的效果,NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)出现积累;随着C/N的升高,反应器脱氮除磷的效果也逐渐增加,C/N=15时去除效果显著高于其他处理组(P 0. 05),TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)的去除率(RR)分别为46. 60%、43. 49%和24. 40%;在整个实验过程中,反应器的SS、TAN和NO_2~--N在C/N=0和C/N=5的去除效果显著高于C/N=10和C/N=15的去除效果(P 0. 05),并且随着C/N的升高而降低;在C/N逐渐升高的条件下,反应器的稳定性逐渐变差,反应器最高可运行的C/N为15;在低C/N(C/N=0和5)情况下,反应器絮体体积指数(SVI-30)始终小于150 mg/L,未出现絮团膨胀,系统稳定性良好;当10≤C/N≤15时,反应器呈现出絮团微膨胀,反应器的稳定性变得较差,但对反应器脱氮除磷效果没有影响。在BFT(Biofloc Technology)反应器中,反应器的ORP值与反应器的C/N呈负相关关系,可作为BFT反应器反硝化特征和优化的参数。综上可知,BFT反应器在低C/N条件下对SS、TAN、NO_2~--N具有良好的水处理效果,在C/N≥10情况下对TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)具有良好的水处理效果,具有同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SND)和除磷的作用。研究结果可为其用作RAS核心水处理装置的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

Economic feasibility of goldfish (Carassius auratus Linn.) recirculating aquaculture system

Economic analysis of a goldfish (Carassius auratus Linn.) recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with rearing tank capacity of 5 m³ (RT5) has been evaluated based on two culture period in 2009 and 2010. The stocking density of goldfish was kept at 100 numbers per m³ of rearing water volume. Furthermore, based on the data obtained from RT5, four more hypothetical RASs of rearing tank capacities of 10 m³ (RT10), 20 m³ (RT20), 50 m³ (RT50) and 100 m³ (RT100) were conceptualized for economic analysis that assess and compare the effects of economies of scale on profitability. The payback period, accounting rate of return (ARR), net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI) and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) were evaluated for the different water volumes (up to 100 m³) assuming project life to be 10 years. The economic analysis revealed that a goldfish RAS with rearing tank capacity 20 m³ onwards can be feasible with a payback period less than 4 years, accounting rate of return 54%, net present value of Rs 241820 and modified internal rate of return of 23%. Sensitivity analyses revealed that market price of fish was most sensitive followed by survival rate, labour, maintenance, FCR, initial investment, discount rate, electricity cost and feed cost respectively. Interestingly, feed cost was found to be the least sensitive one.     

The possibility of application of agglomerate elastomers (EPP) as media for biological bed in aquaculture

The aim of the study was to determine the possibility of experimental media (agglomerate elastomers EPP) application as biological media bed, which serves the purpose of water purification in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). RAS enables mass‐production of fish in small volume of water in a limited area. This involves the possibility of multiple usage of water during culture. However, for that purpose of maintaining proper physico‐chemical parameters, water purification from products of metabolism, especially toxic nitrogen compounds, is required. One of the simplest and most effective ways to achieve it is combining application of two types of water filtration: mechanical and biological. It is needed to study new media for biological bed with proper filling is able to purify water from toxic nitrogen compounds.     

Fillet Quality and Processing Attributes of Postsmolt Atlantic Salmon,Salmo salar,Fed a Fishmeal‐free Diet and a Fishmeal‐based Diet in Recirculation Aquaculture Systems

Many studies have evaluated the adequacy of alternate ingredient diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, mainly with focus on fish performance and health; however, comprehensive analysis of fillet quality is lacking, particularly for salmon fed these diets in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS). To this end, a study was conducted comparing fillet quality and processing attributes of postsmolt Atlantic salmon fed a fishmeal‐free diet (FMF) versus a standard fishmeal‐based diet, in replicate RAS. Mean weight of Atlantic salmon fed both diets was 1.72 kg following the 6‐mo trial and survival was >99%. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) processing and fillet yields, whole‐body proximate composition(fat, moisture, protein), fillet proximate composition, cook yield, fillet texture, color, or omega‐3 fatty acid fillet content, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid levels. Whole‐body ash content was greater in salmon fed the FMF diet. The FMF diet resulted in a wild fish‐in to farmed fish‐out ratio of 0:1 per Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch criteria due to its fishmeal‐free status and use of lipids from fishery byproduct. Overall, fillet quality and processing attributes were generally unaffected when feeding a diet devoid of fishmeal to postsmolt Atlantic salmon cultured in RAS. [Correction added on 7 September 2017, after first online publication: the P value in Abstract has been changed from “P < 0.05” to “P > 0.05”.].     

Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Implications of Consumer Awareness and of Consumer Preferences for Promising Market Communication in Germany

Sustainability issues are becoming increasingly important in Western food consumption. This research aims at identifying ways to increase the market share of sustainable fish from aquaculture by analyzing consumer awareness and preferences for sustainable aquaculture products and by drawing conclusions on improving communication in the German market. An integrative research approach was used: it began with an inventory of sustainable seafood products on the German market, followed by qualitative and quantitative consumer research, and ending with a stakeholder workshop, which reflected on the research outcome with practitioners. Sustainability and country of origin proved to be of minor relevance to the vast majority of the consumers interviewed. Indeed, attributes such as freshness, taste, and price frequently ranked higher. Like most of the other consumers, the small consumer segment that is generally interested in sustainability issues of food also often lacks knowledge of fish farming and its products. Consequently, communication of sustainability in aquaculture is challenging, and the development of this market requires concerted actions along the whole value chain, with the retail sector as the main actor.     

Intrinsic settling rate and spatial diffusion properties of extruded fish feed pellets

Spatial and temporal feed distribution in sea cages are important factors for the farmer, fish and environment due to the strong relation to growth, feed loss, pollution and welfare. This study presents a set of experimentally derived diffusion parameters and settling rates obtained in still water from four sizes and three densities of extruded fish feed pellets commonly used in aquaculture. It was found that pellet size is positively correlated with increased diffusion and that pellet density plays a less important role. Both the size and density of pellets had a significant impact on the settling rate. Results are compared to values obtained during feed production as well as other relevant studies. The findings suggest that parameters related to hydrodynamic behaviour of groups of feed pellets may vary across different pellet types. The results may be applied to refine and parameterize pellet motion in sea cage feeding models, improving estimates of fish behaviour, growth and feed loss.     

顺应现代工厂化养殖模式的水产养殖工程学课程教学改革探索

针对水产养殖工程学课程目前存在教材内容陈旧及现代工厂化养殖特色不鲜明的问题,提出水产养殖工程学课程教学应顺应现代工厂化养殖发展需求,以满足未来水产养殖产业发展需求的人才培养要求为目的,对修订教学目的与要求、优化课堂教学结构及改进教学方法等方面进行了阐述,旨在为完善水产养殖专业人才培养及课程改革方法提供有效参考。