避免基因组DNA污染的半定量RT-PCR新方法

为了消除基因组DNA的污染,在逆转录引物oligo-dT5’端加上通用引物T7B结合序列,根据3’-RACE的原理,用T7B和目标基因特异性引物即可进行半定量RT-PCR分析。用该方法对转GhGAI基因的拟南芥进行表达分析,结果表明:此方法可有效避免基因组DNA污染导致的假阳性。     

两步PCR法检测鸡新城疫疫苗中鸡毒支原体污染的研究

本试验以Genbank中登录的鸡毒支原体的16s rRNA基因序列为标准,根据前人设计的两套引物(外引物和内引物)对鸡毒支原体DNA进行两次PCR扩增,建立两次PCR扩增体系和条件。最后,用此体系和条件对从市场上随机购买的17支鸡新城疫La Sota系活疫苗样品和13支鸡新城疫Ⅰ系活疫苗样品进行检测。结果显示,运用建立的两次PCR扩增体系和条件可以从疫苗样品中检测到支原体的污染,外引物的检出率为23.3%(7/30),内引物的检出率为10%(3/30)。     

巴西橡胶树HbICE2基因的克隆及表达分析

ICE(inducer of CBF expression)介导的非依赖ABA信号传导途径在植物应对低温胁迫反应中起重要的调节作用。采用RT-PCR技术从橡胶树无性系热研8-79的叶片中扩增到1条全长c DNA,共1 677 bp,包括1 593 bp的开放阅读框,编码530个氨基酸,含有bHLH结构域,其中包含19个特征性的保守KMDRASILGDAI(D/E)YLKELL氨基酸序列,命名为HbICE2(Gene Bank登陆号:KY406163)。该基因编码的蛋白分子质量为58.02 KDa,理论等电点为5.95。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,HbICE2主要在叶片和树皮中表达,而且在原生皮中的表达量显著高于再生皮,在抗寒性较强的橡胶树无性系PR107的树皮中表达量显著高于抗寒性弱的橡胶树无性系热研8-79。HbICE2可能在橡胶树树皮应对低温胁迫的反应中起重要的调节作用。     

非均质物料链式组合称重定量算法优化与试验

非均质物料质量差异较大且不可分割,组合称重定量过程中组合对象不确定,存在组合称重定量精度与组合速度的矛盾.该研究针对链式组合称重定量系统,提出以定量精度及组合效率为目标,对组合样本数和抽样数进行优化分析,达到保证组合称重定量精度下,减少数据计算量以提高组合定量速度的目的.研究表明,在相同允许组合误差下,增大组合样本数可...     

Short-term population dynamics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an agricultural soil

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) control the rate limiting step of nitrification, the conversion of ammonia (NH₄⁺) to nitrite (NO₂⁻). The AOB therefore have an important role to play in regulating soil nitrogen cycling. Tillage aerates the soil, stimulating rapid changes in soil N cycling and microbial communities. Here we report results of a study of the short term responses of AOB and net nitrification to simulated tillage and NH₄⁺ addition to soil. The intensively farmed vegetable soils of the Salinas Valley, California, provide the context for this study. These soils are cultivated frequently, receive large N fertilizer inputs and there are regional concerns about groundwater N concentrations. An understanding of N dynamics in these systems is therefore important. AOB population sizes were quantified using a real-time PCR approach. In a 15 day experiment AOB populations, increased rapidly following tillage and NH₄⁺ addition and persisted after the depletion of soil NH₄⁺. AOB population sizes increased to a similar degree, over a 1.5-day period, irrespective of the amount of NH₄⁺ supplied. These data suggest selection of an AOB community in this intensively farmed and C-limited soil, that rapidly uses NH₄⁺ that becomes available. These data also suggest that mineralization may play an especially important role in regulating AOB populations where NH₄⁺ pool sizes are very low. Methodological considerations in the study of soil AOB communities are also discussed.     

The influence of soil properties on the structure of bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types

Land-use change can have significant impacts on soil conditions and microbial communities are likely to respond to these changes. However, such responses are poorly characterized as few studies have examined how specific changes in edaphic characteristics do, or do not, influence the composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities across land-use types. Soil samples were collected from four replicated (n = 3) land-use types (hardwood and pine forests, cultivated and livestock pasture lands) in the southeastern US to assess the effects of land-use change on microbial community structure and distribution. We used quantitative PCR to estimate bacterial–fungal ratios and clone libraries targeting small-subunit rRNA genes to independently characterize the bacterial and fungal communities. Although some soil properties (soil texture and nutrient status) did significantly differ across land-use types, other edaphic factors (e.g., pH) did not vary consistently with land-use. Bacterial–fungal ratios were not significantly different across the land-uses and distinct land-use types did not necessarily harbor distinct soil fungal or bacterial communities. Rather, the composition of bacterial and fungal communities was most strongly correlated with specific soil properties. Soil pH was the best predictor of bacterial community composition across this landscape while fungal community composition was most closely associated with changes in soil nutrient status. Together these results suggest that specific changes in edaphic properties, not necessarily land-use type itself, may best predict shifts in microbial community composition across a given landscape. In addition, our results demonstrate the utility of using sequence-based approaches to concurrently analyze bacterial and fungal communities as such analyses provide detailed phylogenetic information on individual communities and permit the robust assessment of the biogeographical patterns exhibited by soil microbial communities.     

不同施肥模式对绿洲农田土壤微生物群落丰度与酶活性的影响

以中国科学院阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外观测研究站的长期定位试验为平台,利用荧光实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,对不同施肥模式下的土壤微生物群落丰度进行了测定,并分析了土壤酶活性。结果表明:与无肥处理(CK)相比,20年长期单施化肥(CF)或者化肥配施秸秆(CF/OM)处理均显著增加了土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)与氨氧化细菌(AOB)的丰度。其中,土壤AOB最低增加了16倍,而AOA最多增加了3倍,表明AOB可能在原位土壤氨氧化过程中发挥了更为重要的作用。尽管CF/OM处理的作物产量与CF处理无显著差异,但该施肥模式在维持作物产量的同时,其土壤微生物主要类群(真核微生物、细菌、古菌)数量最大,土壤有机碳含量最高,大多土壤酶活性高于其他处理,表明化肥配施有机肥有利于保持土壤微生物多样性,对于提高土壤质量具有重要作用。     

多重PCR检测耐除草剂转基因作物

为建立耐除草剂转基因作物的高通量检测方法,本试验以目前生产上广泛应用的5种除草剂抗性基因dmo、pat、CP4EPSPS、bar和aad1为靶标进行多重PCR(MPCR)研究。通过引物适用性测试、反应体系中的不同引物浓度和反应程序中的退火温度测试、灵敏度和特异性验证等,建立了能同时检测5种除草剂抗性基因的MPCR检测方法。结果表明,当dmo、pat、CP4EPSPS、bar、aad1基因的检测引物终浓度分别为0.2、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.2μmol·L^-1,退火温度为63℃时5种靶标扩增效果较好,且特异性条带清晰且均一。此外,MPCR检测方法具有较好的特异性,对每种靶标的检测灵敏度均可达到0.1%。适用性测试结果显示,MPCR检测方法可对含有5种除草剂抗性基因的多种转基因作物的单个品系或多个品系混合物进行筛选检测。无假阳性和假阴性结果表明,MPCR检测方法对实际样品具有很好的适用性。本试验结果为筛选高效耐除草剂转基因作物检测技术提供了一定的理论依据。     

低功耗经济型区域墒情实时监测系统

灌区墒情实时监测是现代灌区灌溉管理中的必要部分和基础工作。该文设计了一种利用微功耗处理器的墒情监测仪,仅用2节1号干电池供电,结合GPRS(general packet radio service)数据传输至网络服务器处理分析,从而实现了区域分布式的墒情监测。本系统设计装载4层土壤水分/温度传感器和1层水势传感器,根据灌溉管理需要布设在作物根区不同深度;利用微处理器和设计电路进行土壤墒情等参数的采集、存储、传输和控制,每小时采集1次数据、每日将数据发送至网络服务器。通过在灌区不同区域典型作物生育期内实际运行1 a结果表明,该系统采用干电池或锂离子电池供电,体积小而便于在田间布设,不影响农田耕作,方便经济;监测数据能够及时传送至网络服务器以进行结果处理和灌溉管理。该文同时也对系统特点进行了总结,并指出对该系统进一步改进和研发方向。     

仿蛛网农田无线传感器网络抗毁性量化指标体系构建

为解决传统抗毁性量化指标无法准确描述网络组件失效的耦合关系和全局作用,难以有效归纳、继承蛛网抗毁性机制与规律的问题,该文提出了一套基于节点平均路径数和节点、链路平均使用次数的人工蛛网模型抗毁性量化指标体系,评测失效网络组件的全网影响度和权重等指标。仿真试验表明该指标体系可有效量化评价不同规模的人工蛛网模型的抗毁性,测评各网络组件的抗毁性权重占比,其中,节点、弦链、辐链分别占50%、39.44%、10.56%,同时与传统抗毁性量化指标相比,该文提出的指标具有独特的优势。田间试验结果表明节点遭受不同程度损坏时,仿蛛网部署仍可通过备用链路进行数据传输,相较非交叠分簇部署、栅格部署具有更优的抗毁性。人工蛛网模型抗毁性量化分析可为优化农田无线传感器网络部署,实现规模化可靠应用提供参考。