棉花基质育苗规范化栽培技术

从基质育苗、移栽和栽后管理等几方面介绍了棉花基质育苗移栽规范化技术,为其在生产上推广应用提供了有力的技术支撑。     

欧美国家针叶树容器苗生产与启示

针叶树是芬兰、瑞典、挪威、美国、加拿大等欧美国家主要的商品林树种。容器苗是针叶树重要的育苗类型。与裸根苗比较,容器苗具有育苗周期更短、造林季节可延长、苗木适应性更广、苗木质量更一致的优点。因此,容器育苗成为精准林业发展的必然趋势。为了借鉴欧美容器育苗的技术方法,提高我国容器苗的质量,为我国针叶树容器苗发展提供参考,文中主要从4个方面综述了欧美国家检测与提高苗木质量的方法,即列举了针叶树常用的苗木质量检测指标,总结了育苗容器与育苗基质的改良进展,介绍了养分、水分、光照与温度等培养条件的优化手段,简要概述了容器苗病虫害防控的进展,提出了我国相关树种容器苗生产的启示与借鉴。     

艾蒿对不同植物幼苗的化感作用初探

在室内用离体生物测定方法测定了艾蒿水浸提物对黄瓜、油菜、高粱、萝卜和小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并同时测定了黄瓜和萝卜幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,艾蒿水浸提液对5种植物种子的萌发和幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用,5种受体植物中,以油菜最为敏感,其次为萝卜。0.025g/mL浓度的艾蒿水提液对5种受体油菜、萝卜、黄瓜、小麦和高粱种子的综合效应(SE)分别为100%,87.26%,69.88%,61.11%和52.77%。艾蒿水提物能引起黄瓜和萝卜幼苗MDA含量的升高,表明艾蒿化感作用对受体植物的影响很可能与其引起MDA含量升高,从而导致植物细胞膜的破坏有关。     

膜上移栽钵苗栽植机构运动分析与参数优化

针对吊篮式钵苗移栽机膜上移栽易撕膜的问题,设计了一种鸭嘴式钵苗移栽机.建立了该机栽植机构的运动数学模型,并以此为依据在ADAMS中对栽植机构进行了参数化建模.利用参数化模型,分析了主要参数对机构运动特性的影响.在保证钵苗直立度较高的同时,以产生的穴口尽量小为优化目标,获得了一组最佳参数组合.此组合下,形成的穴口大小约为1.8 mm,鸭嘴栽苗后的运动轨迹垂直度较高,满足膜上移栽钵苗直立度高、不撕膜的农艺要求.     

Response of Soil and Plant to Boron-Doped Aluminum Hydroxide

The aims of this work are to test whether boron (B) may alleviate soil acidification and aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity to rape (Brassica napus L.) in acidic soil. The Al hydroxide that reacted with borax was called ad-B-Al hydroxide. Point of zero charge (PZC) of Al hydroxide (pH 4.86) was greater than that of ad-B-Al hydroxide (pH 4.68). Compared with the control, ad-B-Al hydroxide raised the soil pH significantly by 0.10 pH units. Rape was planted in the control soil, the soil treated with Al hydroxide, and the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide. It was found that the B content of the soil and rape seedlings grown on the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was greater than the others. Biomass production of rape seedlings grown in the soil treated with ad-B-Al hydroxide was significantly increased compared to that in the others. These demonstrated that ad-B-Al hydroxide can be an important source of B for plants and alleviate acidity of acidic soils because it can decrease exchangeable acid and Al toxicity in soil significantly.     

Suppression of wheat-seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale using bacterial seed treatment

Snow mould, caused by Microdochium nivale , and seedling blight caused by members of the Fusarium complex, are cereal diseases of great economic importance in many temperate zones. In a glasshouse bioassay designed to enhance disease, about 600 plant-associated bacterial isolates obtained by different methods were screened for suppressive effects in wheat against infection caused by Fusarium culmorum . Although most of the isolates tested had a neutral effect on test plants and disease development, a few were synergistic to the pathogen and about one-fifth showed > 80% disease suppression. During five consecutive growing seasons, 164 bacterial isolates were tested in field experiments against both F. culmorum and M. nivale as causal agents of seedling blight. Tests for effects on yield in experiments with spring and winter wheat, performed in different climatic regions of Sweden, showed that disease-suppressive effects were repeatable. The most efficient isolates, three fluorescent pseudomonads and a species of Pantoea , suppressed disease equal to that of the fungicide guazatine, both with respect to crop stand and yield. Seed treatment with Pantoea sp. (isolate MF 626) increased yield by an average of more than 500 kg ha⁻¹ in six field experiments.     

玉米单倍体诱导系诱导双生苗的观察

以不同玉米杂交种与单倍体诱导系为材料,对从杂交种中诱导双生苗的情况进行了观察。结果表明,在农大108、高油5598、郑单958与CAUHOI-1的杂交当代籽粒中,双生苗的平均频率为0.15%,显著低于单倍体的平均诱导频率3.38%,而在自交籽粒中没有发现双生苗。利用45个双列杂交组合为母本分别与两个诱导率不同的诱导系(CAUHOI01和CAU79)进一步杂交,在杂交籽粒中发现26对双生苗,其中有23对来自于CAUHOI-1的杂交后代。本研究结果表明双生苗诱导与单倍体诱导一样,不仅与诱导系有关,在一定程度上也受母本基因型影响,而二者诱导能力表现趋势不一致。对双生苗类型的观察结果表明,双生苗主要为二倍体-二倍体类型,少数为单倍体-单倍体类型,没有发现单倍体-二倍体类型。SSR分析表明每个双生苗两个体间基因型一致,但部分双生单苗田间生长存在着差异。双生苗的发生与单倍体诱导机理的关系有待于进一步研究。     

烟草不同育苗方式育苗效应的比较研究

试验引进了南非隔离育苗方式,与漂浮育苗方式、两段托盘育苗方式进行了烟草育苗比较研究.结果表明,南非隔离育苗方式显著提高了烟草苗期的积温,在出苗率、株高、叶片数、茎粗、主根长度、根系干鲜重、植株干鲜重等指标上明显优于另外两种育苗方式,且具有省时省工、操作简便、运行成本低的特点,是值得大面积推广的一项烟草育苗新技术.     

播期播量耦合对小麦越冬死苗的影响

采用D-饱和最优设计法对播期和播量耦合与小麦越冬死苗的关系进行了研究,结果表明:在10月25日播种、播量为8万基本苗/667 m2条件下,小麦的越冬死苗率最低;晚播和减少播量有利于降低越冬死苗率;播期对小麦越冬死苗率的影响大于播量。     

椰糠、有机肥与沙子不同配比基质对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响

【目的】筛选培育番茄优质壮苗的最佳基质配比,为新疆和田地区番茄穴盘育苗提供参考。【方法】以番茄品种欧官为材料,以椰糠、有机肥以及沙漠中的沙子为主要原料,按照不同比例进行配制,采用穴盘育苗的方式,以不同的育苗基质配比设置5个不同的处理和1个对照,在其他条件一致的情况下,测定番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、最大叶面积、鲜重、干重、根长、根体积、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素等指标,比较不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长指标和生理生化指标的影响。【结果】各处理都对番茄幼苗的生长产生了影响,通过测定番茄幼苗的生长指标和生理生化指标,T3处理(椰糠∶沙子∶有机肥=20v∶1v∶1v)的配比对番茄苗的效果最好。【结论】椰糠∶沙子∶有机肥=20v∶1v∶1v的配比对番茄穴盘苗的生长有利,可作为新疆和田地区番茄穴盘育苗的基质配方。