宁夏中部雨养农田宁亚10号胡麻高产优质栽培模型研究

应用五因素二次通用旋转组合设计方法,探讨以盐池为代表的宁中地区在干旱雨养立地条件下宁亚10号胡麻高产优质栽培模型。5个可控栽培因子分别为播量、施农肥量、施氮量、施磷量、抗旱剂,效应因子为胡麻籽粒产量、产量性状以及品质性状。通过模拟选优,胡麻产量高于1 200 kg/hm2、籽粒含油率大于37%、亚油酸含量大于12%的优化栽培方案为:播量46.05~50.85 kg/hm2,施农肥量21.50~24.96 t/hm2,施氮量(纯氮)84.45~91.95kg/hm2,施磷量(P2O5)55.65~62.70 kg/hm2,喷施抗旱剂2~3次。     

旱作条件下冰草属5种牧草农艺性状的评价

摘要：为了筛选出优良的牧草材料用于寒冷的干旱与半干旱地区草地改良与建设,研究对不同来源冰草属Agropyron的5种牧草进行农艺性状评价比较。试验结果表明：所有供试材料均能完成全生育期,年均生育时间119124 d,越冬率高达93%以上;同时供试材料间各项测试性状也有显著差异。综合考虑鲜草、干草及种子产量等指标,供试的5种牧草中,采自河北的冰草A.cristatum表现第一,来自美国的细茎冰草A.trachycaulum表现第二,而来自山西的光穗冰草A.cristatum 、美国的沙生冰草A.desertorum、甘肃的蒙古冰草A.mongolicum表现一般。     

荒漠草原“科尔沁型”华北驼绒藜旱作技术研究

“科尔沁型”华北驼绒藜是优良的旱生牧草,但其果实带毛、粘连,不适宜机械播种,而且种子发芽要求较高的温度、湿度,在荒漠草原地区直接播种,建立旱作人工草地难度很大。先进行育苗后,采用机械化植苗技术植苗,在撂荒、退耕地建立旱作人工草地,具有成活率高、速度快、操作性强、成本低、简单易行的特点,可实现大规模机械化作业,效益显著,为荒漠草原地区生态建设探索出了一条新的有效途径,可在北方干旱、半干旱地区大力推广应用。     

雨养旱作区垄作小麦减产原因初步分析

在降雨偏少的雨养旱农区条件下,研究了垄作、平作、垄作覆盖、平作覆盖四种处理对冬小麦产量的影响。试验结果表明,前期土壤水分严重胁迫造成中后期垄作小麦生长发育不良。同对照平作相比,垄作冬小麦整个生育阶段群体总数低7.1%～14.6%,叶面积指数减少8.1%～16.3%,干物质积累降低0.4%～27.3%,物质运转分配不合理,限制群体边际增产作用发挥,导致小麦减产7%～10%。因此,在我国北方雨养旱作区,垄作小麦栽培技术推广应用成功与否取决当地降雨年型。偏旱条件下,不宜采用。     

Potato yield gaps across the rainfed Yin-mountain Hilly Area of China

Yin-mountain Hilly Area is one of the ideal regions for potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in China. However, potato yield is severely limited as a result of rain-fed crop mode due to water deficiency, as well as an inadequate farming practices. In this study, yield gaps were determined by using attainable yield (Ya) as a benchmark under optimized management practices, i.e., micro-ridge and side planting with plastic-mulching (MS), and flat planting with plastic-mulching (PM). The yields under MS and PM modes are defined as Ya1 and Ya2, respectively. Under the same field with MS and PM modes but different densities and fertilizer usages and so on, it was defined as simulated farmers' practices. The yield of simulated farmers' practices (Yf1) reached 57.3 and 69.6% of Ya1 and Ya2, respectively, while the average yield of 298 randomly surveyed farmers (Yf2) reached only 37.0 and 47.8% of Ya1 and Ya2 for rain-fed potato, respectively. The gaps of water use efficiency exhibited similar pattern. Further analysis shows that improper measures in rainwater conservation and accumulation, and other management practices contributed to 18.5, 18.2, and 42.6% of yield gap between Ya1 and Yf2. Improper nutrition management, including overuse of nitrogen and the deficiency of phosphorus and potassium supplication, was one of the important reasons of yield gap. The results indicate the possibilities of increasing rain-fed potato yields by optimized water and fertilizer managements in the Yin-mountain Hilly Area.     

不同耕作方式下旱作农田土壤酶活性与有机碳的关系研究

为了明确不同耕作方式对土壤酶活性与有机碳的关系,研究了以传统翻耕为对照,3种耕作方式浅松、浅旋和深松下两者的变化趋势及相关性。结果表明:随着土壤有机碳含量的增加土壤酶活性也随之增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和有机碳为不同耕作方式大于传统耕作,不同耕作方式产量较传统耕作显著提高,最高提高92.18%;在燕麦生育旺盛期过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性呈极显著的正相关关系。因此,浅松、浅旋和深松在旱作农田条件下有利于土壤有机碳含量的积累、产量和土壤酶活性的提高。     

Seasonal and Annual Variations of CO2 Fluxes in Rain-Fed Winter Wheat Agro-Ecosystem of Loess Plateau, China

To accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration potential and better elucidate the relationship between the carbon cycle and regional climate change, using eddy covariance system, we conducted a long-term measurement of CO 2 fluxes in the rain-fed winter wheat field of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that the annual net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) was (-71.6±5.7) and (-65.3±5.3) g C m-2 y-1 for 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop years, respectively, suggesting that the agro-ecosystem was a carbon sink (117.4-126.2 g C m-2 yr-1). However, after considering the harvested grain, the agro- ecosystem turned into a moderate carbon source. The variations in NEE and ecosystem respiration (R eco ) were sensitive to changes in soil water content (SWC). When SWC ranged form 0.15 to 0.21 m3 m-3, we found a highly significant relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and a highly significant relationship between R eco and soil temperature (T s ). However, the highly significant relationships were not observed when SWC was outside the range of 0.15-0.21 m3 m-3. Further, in spring, the R eco instantly responded to a rapid increase in SWC after effective rainfall events, which could induce 2 to 4-fold increase in daily R eco , whereas the R eco was also inhibited by heavy summer rainfall when soils were saturated. Accumulated R eco in summer fallow period decreased carbon fixed in growing season by 16- 25%, indicating that the period imposed negative impacts on annual carbon sequestration.     

宁夏南部雨养农业区玉米生育期土壤含水率控制阈值研究

在宁夏南部雨养农业区,设置玉米不同生育期土壤含水率控制下限指标,开展以土壤含水率为灌溉控制指标的精量灌溉技术试验研究。在分析玉米各生育期灌水量、土壤含水率、作物产量、水分利用效率的基础上,推荐在丰水条件下,玉米生育期土壤含水率控制阈值为:种植期80%θf、苗期—拔节期55%θf、拔节期—抽雄期85%θf、抽雄期—灌浆期80%θf,水分生产效率可达3.35kg/m3。宁夏南部雨养农业区推荐土壤含水率控制阈值为:种植期60%θf、苗期45%θf、拔节期50%θf、抽雄前期60%θf,水分生产效率可达3.7kg/m3。     

Potassium Uptake in Relation to Drought Tolerance of Chickpea Under Rain-Fed Conditions

Potassium is accumulated in substantial amount in water stressed plants, contributing to osmotic adjustment. Eight varieties of chickpea were field grown according to randomized block design with three replications during two consecutive crop seasons to explore the role of K uptake in drought tolerance of chickpea under rain-fed conditions. Plant water relation and other physiological parameters were measured at 70 days after planting, while potassium uptake and yield parameters were recorded at harvest. The varieties were divided into high (HKU), medium (MKU) and low (LKU) K uptake groups, using average K uptake across the seasons. All the data were statistically analyzed group-wise. The HKU, followed by MKU and LKU (i.e. HKU>MKU>LKU) gave the highest values for most of the parameters studied including seed yield and crop biomass. The HKU also exhibited the lowest osmotic potential together with maintenance of elevated water content and turgor in plants compared to MKU and LKU. There was significant season-group interaction regarding most parameters including seed yield and crop biomass. However, such an interaction was not significant regarding K uptake, though varietal group pattern of K uptake was similar to that of seed yield and crop biomass (i.e. HKU>MKU>LKU), indicating that promising chickpea varieties might be selected under rain-fed conditions using K uptake.     

祁连山高海拔雨养农业区油菜、小麦光合特性比较研究

在作物生长旺盛期,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了祁连山高海拔雨养农业区环境因子和油菜、小麦叶片光合生理指标,比较了油菜、小麦及低海拔地区作物光合参数的差异性。结果表明:光合有效辐射和空气温度均呈单峰型日变化曲线,而空气湿度呈"S"型日变化曲线,大气CO2浓度为早晚较低,下午高。油菜和小麦的叶片净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,存在"午休"现象,且上午光合速率高于下午。油菜的蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,小麦的蒸腾速率却呈单峰型曲线。气孔导度日变化大体呈"S"型曲线。光合有效辐射是影响叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要环境因子之一,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要影响因子。大气CO2浓度与小麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。