无轴螺旋连续热解装置上的生物质热解特性

连续热解是一种高效的生物质能转化技术,无轴螺旋式连续热解装置不仅可减轻送料部件的质量,而且为热解挥发性产物的排出提供了有效空间,是极具发展前景的连续热解装置。为了解无轴螺旋式生物质连续热解特性,该文在无轴螺旋连续热解装置上,开展了以稻壳、花生壳和木薯茎秆为生物质原料的热解试验,分析了3种生物质在不同热解温度下的三态产物分布特性、热解气体组分变化规律及热解炭的组织结构和表面形貌特征。结果表明:炭产率随热解温度升高逐渐下降,气体产率逐渐上升,液体产率先上升再下降,在450℃时达到最大,产物分布特性与其他热解反应器的一致;不同原料炭产率由高到低依次为:稻壳花生壳木薯茎秆,液体产率由高到低依次为:稻壳花生壳木薯茎秆,气体产率与液体产率相反。热解气体组分受温度影响较大,热解温度升高,可燃气体组分含量不断上升,不可燃气体组分含量不断下降,不同原料对气体组分含量影响较小。热解炭的工业分析结果与原料的工业分析结果存在相关性,热解温度升高,热解炭中挥发分含量逐渐下降,固定碳及灰分含量增加,木薯茎秆炭的挥发分含量最高,花生壳炭的固定碳含量最高,稻壳炭的灰分含量最高;低温热解炭的表面官能团较为丰富,随热解温度升高官能团种类逐渐减少;原料自身结构特性对热解炭的表面形貌影响较大,随着热解温度升高,生物质原料的表面结构不断被破坏,热解炭表面出现孔隙结构,花生壳炭与木薯茎秆炭表面孔隙结构比稻壳炭更为发达。     

复合吸波剂TiC/SiC诱导微波热解生物质试验研究

采用复合吸波剂TiC/SiC进行了生物质微波热解制备生物油有机相的研究。采用响应面法分析了TiC与SiC质量百分比、吸波剂与生物质质量百分比和微波功率与生物质质量比对有机相产率的影响;在最优工艺条件下,对比分析了采用纯SiC和复合吸波剂对有机相产率及化学组成的影响,并对固体产物生物焦进行了表征,分析了有机相和生物焦的性能及潜力。结果表明,各因素对有机相产率影响显著,且相互间存在交互影响;当TiC与SiC质量百分比为20%、吸波剂与生物质质量百分比为53%和微波功率与生物质质量比为9. 5 W/g时,有机相产率达到28. 60%,与预测值28. 69%较为接近。使用纯SiC作为吸波剂时,有机相产率降至23. 35%,说明引入适量TiC可以使生物质热解更多地保留来自纤维素和半纤维素的产物,在增加有机相产率的同时,降低酸类、酮类和酚类相对含量;相对较多的呋喃类、醇类和酚类及其相对集中的碳原子数分布,使所得有机相产物可用作精细化工原料;核磁共振分析表明,使用复合吸波剂所得有机相中脂肪氢/碳比与芳香氢/碳比明显升高,验证了分析的准确性;复合吸波剂使生物焦具有更高的碳化程度和吸附性能,比表面积和孔容达360 m~2/g和0. 22 cm~3/g,可制成活性材料。     

生物质快速热裂解制取生物油的研究

阐述了生物质热裂解机理,介绍了生物质热裂解液化技术的工艺流程,对生物质热裂解液化技术研发现状进行了总结。以榆木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质快速热裂解制取生物油的试验研究。试验结果表明,粒径小于0.2mm的生物质粒径对生物油产率影响不大,最高生物油产率为43.93wt%,并指出了生物油的应用方式,为生物质快速热裂解液化技术的研究提供了参考。     

生物质热解的分布活化能模型

介绍了分布活化能模型理论，给出了分布活化能模型方程的数值计算方法；采用模式搜索法对分布活化能模型动力学参数进行计算，得到了小麦秸秆的热解反应分布活化能模型的预测结果。结果显示．分布活化能模型预测值与实验测定值符合得很好，适合描述生物质的慢速热解反应动力学行为。     

Characteristics of Larch Bark Pyrolysis and Analyses on Liquid Pyrolyzate Components

This paper studies the characteristics of larch bark pyrolysis and analyzes factors that affect the pyrolysis and the liquid pyrolytic component. The results are as follows： TG curve shows that the pyrolysis can be divided into three parts： drying process, pyrolytic process, and carbonate and calcinated process. Both the size of grain and the temperature rising rate affect the shape of TG and DTG. Vinegar and sedimentary tar are main components of pyrolyzate products. GC-MS is applied to analyze vinegar. It is shown that the vinegar is a highly complex compound which is composed of phenol and its derivatives （45.620%）, organic acid （13.851%）, keto derivatives （9.754%）, aldehydic derivatives （8.573%）, alcoholic derivatives （1.794%）, ester and its derivatives （0.205%）.     

生物质热解过程中氮迁移转化机理研究进展

生物质热解产物中热解气和热解油具有较高能源利用价值,可作为替代燃料或化工原料,但伴随热解过程迁移至热解气/油中的氮元素不仅会影响其品质,热解气/油进一步利用后也会污染大气环境。该研究围绕生物质资源制备清洁能源的总目标,系统分析生物质热解过程中氮迁移转化机理,重点论述气相氮、液相氮和焦炭氮的生成与转化机理。通过总结前人研究,得出生物质热解气中的含氮物质主要为HCN、NH3等,其中NH3主要来源于氨基酸热解释放的氨基以及HCN在焦炭表面的水解转化;HCN主要来源于腈、含氮杂环等一次热解产物的二次裂解;热解油中的含氮物质主要为含氮杂环、腈与酰胺,其中含氮杂环主要由部分氨基酸片段或氨基酸间的脱水缩合反应产生;腈主要来源于氨基酸分子脱H2反应以及酰胺脱H2O反应;酰胺主要来源于NH3与羧基的置换反应。不同生物质种类与热解工况下氮的迁移转化特性复杂多样,生物质种类以及热解过程中的压力、停留时间、升温速率、温度、热解气氛、粒径、催化剂等因素均会影响热解过程中氮的迁移转化路径,最终影响生物质热解气/油中含氮物质的组成及分布。进一步提出生物质热解过程中氮排放控制未来研究方向,以期为实现农村生物质资源高效清洁利用提供参考。     

An overview on biochar production, its implications, and mechanisms of biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics

The degradation of soil fertility and quality due to rapid industrialization and human activities has stimulated interest in the rehabilitation of low-fertility soils to sustainably improve crop yield. In this regard, biochar has emerged as an effective multi-beneficial additive that can be used as a medium for the amelioration of soil properties and plant growth. The current review highlights the methods and conditions for biochar production and the effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, and retention time on the physicochemical properties of biochar. We also discuss the impact of biochar as a soil amendment with respect to enhancing soil physical (e.g., surface area, porosity, ion exchange, and water-holding capacity) and chemical (e.g., pH, nutrient exchange,functional groups, and carbon sequestration) properties, improving the soil microbiome for increased plant nutrient uptake and growth, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing infectious diseases in plants, and facilitating the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. The possible mechanisms for biochar-induced amelioration of soil and plant characteristics are also described, and we consider the challenges associated with biochar utilization. The findings discussed in this review support the feasibility of expending the application of biochar to improve degraded soils in industrial and saline-alkali regions, thereby increasing the usable amount of cultivated soil. Future research should include long-term field experiments and studies on biochar production and environmental risk management to optimize biochar performance for specific soil remediation purposes.     

Carbon potentials of different biochars derived from municipal solid waste in a saline soil

There are numerous studies conducted on biochar for its carbon (C) sequestration potential;however,there are limited studies available on the behavior of salt-affected soils related to biochar application.Therefore,more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms through which biochar affects saline soil properties.In this study,biochars were produced from solid waste at pyrolysis temperatures of 300,500,and 700?C (BC300,BC500,and BC700,respectively)and applied to a saline soil to evaluate their impacts on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux,C sequestration,and soil quality.A soil incubation experiment lasting for 107 d was conducted.The results showed that soil CO₂ efflux rate,cumulative CO₂ emission,active organic C (AOC),and organic matter (OM)significantly increased with BC300 application to a greater extent than those with BC500 and BC700 as compared to those in the no-biochar control (CK).However,soil C non-lability did not significantly increase in the treatments with biochars,except BC700,as compared to that in CK.Besides improving the soil quality by increasing the soil AOC and OM,BC300 showed positive impacts in terms of increasing CO₂ emission from the saline soil,while BC500 and BC700 showed greater potentials of sequestering C in the saline soil by increasing the soil non-labile C fraction.The recalcitrance index (R50) values of BC500 and BC700 were>0.8,indicating their high stability in the saline soil.It could be concluded that biochars pyrolyzed at high temperatures (?500?C)could be suitable in terms of C sequestration,while biochars pyrolyzed at low temperatures (?300?C) could be suitable for improving saline soil quality.     

磁性茶渣炭的简易制备及其活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B的性能

以硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄·7H₂O)和红茶渣为原料,采用限氧高温热解技术制备了系列磁性生物炭（Fe-BC_0.72、Fe-BC_0.55、Fe-BC_0.25）并将其用于活化过二硫酸盐（PS）降解罗丹明B（Rh B)）。考察了Fe₃O₄（Fe）与生物炭(BC)的质量比、Fe-BC投加量、过硫酸钾用量、溶液pH、温度等参数对BC-Fe活化PS降解Rh B效果的影响。结果表明,当Fe₃O₄与生物炭(BC)的质量比为0.55、Fe-BC用量为0.021 3 g、PS用量为0.030 2 g,pH为5、反应温度为30 ℃时Fe-BC_0.55对RhB (40 mg·L^-1)的降解效果最佳,反应90 min时的降解率为98.8%。将Fe-BC_0.55磁性分离、循环使用5次,对RhB的降解率为75%。     

蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆热解特性及其动力学分析

生物质的热解作为生物质能研究开发的前沿技术已得到较为广泛的重视。本文采用热重分析法(thermo gravimetric analysis,TGA)对蒸汽爆破预处理后玉米秸秆的热失重特性及其动力学进行了研究。试样加热速率分别为10、20、30、40、50℃/min,加热终温为800℃,采用高纯氮气作为保护气体。结果表明：蒸汽爆破预处理后玉米秸秆在同样加热速率条件下,热解过程特性显著改变,最大热分解速率提高34.57%;分别利用Coats-Redfern法和Kissinger法确定了热解动力学参数,并获得热解动力学模型;试样与原玉米秸秆相比活化能（E）降低24.13%～32.56%,指前因子（A）提高8%～10%。