北京植被净初级生产力对物候变化的响应

植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）对物候的响应是全球气候变化背景下的重要研究内容,气候变化对植物物候与NPP的影响仍需明了,物候的时空变异规律更需深入探讨。该研究基于2001-2020年MODIS归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）数据提取北京植被物候信息,利用CASA（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach）模型模拟NPP,通过线性回归、趋势分析和结构方程模型等方法,阐明NPP与物候时空变化特征,探究气象因素和物候变化对NPP的影响。结果显示：1）2001-2020年超过70 %的区域出现生长季开始（Start of Growing Season,SOS）逐渐提前,平均每年提前0.53 d。超过90%的区域生长结束期（End of Growing Season,EOS）逐渐推迟,平均每年推迟0.51 d。2）SOS提前和生长季（Length of Growing Season,LOS）延长均对NPP增长产生显著影响（P<0.05）。SOS每提前1 d,NPP增长3.74 g/m2;LOS每延长1 d,NPP增长2.56 g/m2 。秋季EOS推迟对NPP变化影响不显著。3）春季和秋季,气候通过改变物候（SOS、EOS）对NPP的间接影响大于直接影响,而夏季温度和降雨对NPP的直接影响更大。该研究表明春季物候变化是NPP年际变异的重要驱动因子,春季物候提前导致NPP年总量增加。研究结果是都市区植被生产力如何响应气候变化认识的重要补充。     

顾及时滞效应的西南地区植被NPP变化归因分析

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来西南地区部分区域生态环境日益脆弱。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）时空演变特征,可为监测区域植被生长状况及其对驱动因素的响应机制提供理论依据。该研究以2000－2020年MOIDS NPP数据为基础,结合气象、人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型等数据,使用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、多重共线性检验、多元回归分析、残差分析和偏相关分析等研究方法,分析2000－2020年西南地区及各地貌单元植被NPP时空变化特征及对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明：1）2000－2020年,除青藏高原植被NPP、气候影响下的植被NPP预测值（Predicted Net Primary Productivity,NPPPre,）和人类活动影响下的植被NPP残差值（Residual Net Primary Productivity,NPPRes）呈微弱波动下降外,其余地貌单元植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes均呈较明显的波动上升趋势,其中,四川盆地植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes波动上升趋势尤为显著,上升斜率分别为7.14、3.72和3.44 g/(m2·a)。2）研究时段内西南地区气候变化对植被NPP上升的影响整体强于人类活动。气候变化影响下,西南地区约45.18%的区域植被NPP呈显著和极显著上升趋势,而人类活动影响下,该占比仅为18.55%。地貌单元上,气候变化和人类活动影响下,四川盆地植被NPP呈极显著上升和显著上升的比例最高,分别为69.42%和50.75%。3）西南地区整体及各地貌单元植被NPP变化主要受温度类因子的主导,相对湿度和大气压强对西南地区植被生长整体具有抑制作用。4）耕地转化为城镇用地是植被NPP下降的重要原因,而非耕地转化为耕地和非林地转化为林地是植被NPP上升的重要原因。整体上,西南地区植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光呈不显著相关关系。地貌单元上,四川盆地植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光的相关性最高,即四川盆地植被生长受人为活动的影响强于其他地貌单元。研究结果可为区域植被生长监测、生态环境质量评价和林业生态工程效益评估提供理论依据。     

基于CASA模型的植被净初级生产力时空演变格局及其影响因素——以湖北省为例

为了揭示湖北省植被NPP的时空演变规律及驱动机制,基于CASA模型计算2000—2018年湖北省植被NPP,结合气象数据和土地利用数据,利用重心模型、相关性分析和贡献指数等方法分析植被NPP的时空变化及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2018年湖北省植被NPP年均值介于532.19～656.49 g C/(m²·a),整体呈波动上升趋势;(2)湖北省植被NPP在空间分布上表现为由西北向东南递减的趋势,植被NPP重心迁移轨迹呈M型,西北地区的增量和增速较大高于东南地区。(3)湖北省植被NPP与年均气温呈正相关的区域面积占全省总面积的54.49%,主要分布在荆门、荆州地区以及宜昌东南部地区; 年均NPP与年降水量呈正相关的面积高达87.65%,主要分布在随州、襄阳和孝感北部地区。(4)2000—2018年研究区域内NPP总量增加19.86×10^-2 Tg C,在土地利用变化引起的NPP损益中,主要由其他土地类型向林地、耕地和草地转换引起; 不同时期土地覆盖变化对NPP总量的贡献率有所差异,2000—2010年建设用地贡献率最高为53.81%,2010—2018年耕地贡献率最高为61.53%。     

控温渥堆对黑毛茶香气品质的影响

对传统渥堆与45℃、50℃控温渥堆的黑毛茶进行感官品质评价,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）结合主成分分析法（PCA）和偏最小二乘判别分析法（PLS-DA）对挥发性成分进行比较分析。结果表明,与传统渥堆和50℃控温渥堆相比,45℃控温渥堆黑毛茶香气的愉悦感、纯正度和浓度更好,杂异气味少。在传统及控温渥堆中共获得24种关键性差异挥发性成分,其中α-柏木烯、新植二烯、橄榄醇、δ-杜松醇、香芹酚、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、(Z)-7-十六碳烯醛、反式-β-紫罗兰酮等关键性差异挥发性成分在控温渥堆中的相对含量显著高于传统渥堆。研究结果可为改善黑毛茶香气品质提供参考。     

多倍体连翘外植体初代培养

为了实现多倍体连翘的快速繁殖,以多倍体连翘幼嫩叶片、茎尖、茎段为外植体,开展了初代培养的试验研究.结果表明:茎段比茎尖和叶片更适合作为多倍体连翘芽诱导的培养材料;基本培养基为MS培养基.适合腋芽诱导的培养基配方为MS+ 6-BA 2.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.2 mg/L.诱导产生的新芽生长迅速,而且长势较壮,有利于组织培养的进一步研究.     

牛前体脂肪细胞的分离培养及诱导分化

【目的】建立牛前体脂肪细胞的体外分离培养方法,研究牛前体脂肪细胞的生物学特性和分化特征,为研究牛脂肪发育和脂肪沉积的机制提供一种简便有效的细胞模型。【方法】采用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法自新生牛脂肪组织中获得前体脂肪细胞,对培养的牛前体脂肪细胞进行形态学观察、生长曲线测定、油红O染色及脂肪细胞标志基因LPL、PPAR-r和脂联素表达研究。【结果】80%的牛前体脂肪细胞接种后12h开始贴壁,4d后开始向脂肪细胞转化,10d后绝大部分细胞脂滴融合,细胞脂肪含量增加;分离的牛前体脂肪细胞接种后1~2d生长缓慢,3~8d进入对数生长期,9d后进入平台期,之后细胞数目开始下降。经胰岛素诱导分化过程中,LPL在牛前体脂肪细胞分化的早期开始表达,PPAR-γ在分化的中期开始高度表达,而脂联素在牛前体脂肪细胞分化的前期未检测到,在细胞分化后期高度表达。【结论】用Ⅰ型胶原酶消化法可获得大量的牛前体脂肪细胞。培养的牛前体脂肪细胞成分均一、生长旺盛,经胰岛素诱导后能稳定的向脂肪细胞分化。     

新疆地区民族中小学体育风险管理研究*

研究呈现新疆民族中小学体育意外伤害发生特征,提出相应的风险管理策略。结果发现,民族中小学生因好动不羁个性、宗教特征,男生意外伤害高于女生,体育训练与竞赛风险发生率较高,足球成为频次最高的项目,学生自身和场地环境为主要风险因素,教师在风险管理策略选择上处于被动地位。     

Belowground carbon allocation patterns in a dry Mediterranean ecosystem: A comparison of two models

Total belowground C allocation (TBCA) accounts for a large fraction of gross primary production, it may overtake aboveground net primary production, and contributes to the primary source of detrital C in the mineral soil. Here, we measure soil respiration, water erosion, litterfall and estimate annual changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots, in three representative land uses in a Mediterranean ecosystem (late-successional forest, abandoned agricultural field, rain-fed olive grove), and use two C balance approaches (steady-state and non-steady-state) to estimate TBCA. Both TBCA approaches are compared to assess how different C fluxes (outputs and inputs) affect our estimates of TBCA within each land use. In addition, annual net primary productivity is determined and C allocation patterns are examined for each land use. We hypothesized that changes in C stored in mineral soil, litter and roots will be slight compared to soil respiration, but will still have a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual net primary productivity was 648 ± 31.5, 541 ± 42.3 and 324 ± 22.3 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively. Across land uses, more than 60% of the C was allocated belowground. Soil respiration (F_S) was the largest component in the TBCA approaches across all land uses. Annual C losses through water erosion were negligible compared to F_S (less than 1%) and had little effect on the estimates of TBCA. Annual changes in C stored in the soil, litter layer and roots were low compared to F_S (16, 24 and 10% for forest, abandoned agricultural field and olive grove, respectively), but had a significant effect on the estimates of TBCA. In our sites, an assumption that Δ[C_S + C_R + C_L]/Δt = 0 will underestimate TBCA, particularly in the abandoned agricultural field, where soil C storage may be increasing more rapidly. Therefore, the steady-state model is unsuited to these Mediterranean ecosystems and the full model is recommended.     

Impact analysis of climate data aggregation at different spatial scales on simulated net primary productivity for croplands

For spatial crop and agro-systems modelling, there is often a discrepancy between the scale of measured driving data and the target resolution. Spatial data aggregation is often necessary, which can introduce additional uncertainty into the simulation results. Previous studies have shown that climate data aggregation has little effect on simulation of phenological stages, but effects on net primary production (NPP) might still be expected through changing the length of the growing season and the period of grain filling. This study investigates the impact of spatial climate data aggregation on NPP simulation results, applying eleven different models for the same study region (∼34,000 km²), situated in Western Germany. To isolate effects of climate, soil data and management were assumed to be constant over the entire study area and over the entire study period of 29 years. Two crops, winter wheat and silage maize, were tested as monocultures. Compared to the impact of climate data aggregation on yield, the effect on NPP is in a similar range, but is slightly lower, with only small impacts on averages over the entire simulation period and study region. Maximum differences between the five scales in the range of 1–100 km grid cells show changes of 0.4–7.8% and 0.0–4.8% for wheat and maize, respectively, whereas the simulated potential NPP averages of the models show a wide range (1.9–4.2 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 2.7–6.1 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ for wheat and maize, respectively). The impact of the spatial aggregation was also tested for shorter time periods, to see if impacts over shorter periods attenuate over longer periods. The results show larger impacts for single years (up to 9.4% for wheat and up to 13.6% for maize). An analysis of extreme weather conditions shows an aggregation effect in vulnerability up to 12.8% and 15.5% between the different resolutions for wheat and maize, respectively. Simulations of NPP averages over larger areas (e.g. regional scale) and longer time periods (several years) are relatively insensitive to climate data aggregation. However, the scale of climate data is more relevant for impacts on annual averages of NPP or if the period is strongly affected or dominated by drought stress. There should be an awareness of the greater uncertainty for the NPP values in these situations if data are not available at high resolution. On the other hand, the results suggest that there is no need to simulate at high resolution for long term regional NPP averages based on the simplified assumptions (soil and management constant in time and space) used in this study.     

同仁地区中小学信息技术教育的现状与思考

近几年,随着信息技术的飞速发展和国家对教育事业的不断投入,青海省在中小学信息技术教育方面有了长足的进步和发展,但与发达地区相比,仍存在很大差距,还有许多工作要做。就青海省黄南藏族自治州同仁地区中小学信息技术教育的现状进行了调查研究,分析了存在的问题,并结合藏区的教育实际,提出了切实可行的具体措施。