分类与主题结合有效兼顾查新的查全率和查准率

分析了影响查新的查全率和查准率的客观和主观因素,从而指出分类途径和主题途径相结合是提高查新的查全率和查准率的有效措施,并用实例加以说明。     

植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测系统设计与应用

为提升植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测智能化水平,研发植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测系统,该系统机载监测终端实时获取药械状态参数、植保无人机状态参数及位置参数,通过数据处理服务系统将其发送至平台软件,基于作业参数利用沉积飘移预测模型实时监测药液沉积区域及飘移范围。该系统同时具有作业面积计量、飞行轨迹回溯、作业质量空间分析等功能。2015年4月于山东省威海市文登区泽头镇眠虎岭区域对该系统进行性能测试,植保无人机规划靶区作业面积为433 hm²,最终监测作业面积为405 hm²,施药覆盖率为93.5%;施药过程中实时监测沉积区域和飘移范围,受环境侧风影响,药液最大飘移距离可达40 m,系统整体达到预期设计要求。截至目前该系统已在山东、安徽、江苏、云南、河南、浙江、天津等多个省市应用。     

交错苗带式大豆免耕精量播种机设计与试验

针对黄淮海地区的大豆带状种植要求,提出一种新的种植模式,并设计一种交错苗带式大豆免耕精量播种机。对苗带清理整备装置的旋刀的排布进行设计,通过运动学分析,确定旋刀转速应大于等于379 r/min;设计一种窝眼交错分布的排种器,实现交错苗带播种;设计一种伸缩顶杆投种装置,提高投种效率;设计一种播种开沟器,起到开沟和导种的作用,同时保证苗带的宽度;设计一种笼型覆土镇压轮,通过力学分析确定推土板与水平方向的夹角为20°。田间试验结果表明：当前进速度为8 km/h时,交错苗带式大豆免耕精量播种机可靠性合格,通过性良好,播深合格率为92.6%,粒距合格率为94.4%,漏播率为1.8%,重播率为3.8%,晾籽率为0.74%,作业效率为1.92 hm²/h。     

基于微灌工程设计成果数据的农田电子地图构建方法

针对包含微灌设备的农田中电子地图获取成本高的问题,提出了一种基于微灌工程设计成果数据快速构建起农田电子地图的方法.考虑到微灌工程设计成果数据和农田电子地图2种数据的数据模型和对不同空间要素的表达方式之间存在着一定的差异,在微灌工程设计成果数据中存在着对微灌设备等空间要素的夸张、简化和省略等情况,而且数据中往往缺乏对微灌设备等空间要素的地理空间位置信息描述.在对微灌工程进行系统了解的基础上,通过深入分析设计成果数据和农田电子地图2种数据之间数据模型和要素表达方式之间的差异性,提出了采用DWGDirect.NET类库和ArcGIS Engine二次开发相结合进行解析转换的方法,将CAD格式的设计成果数据转换为GIS所支持的Geodatabase格式,初步构建起微灌工程农田电子地图,为微灌工程施工作业提供参考,同时也为精准农业提供农田电子地图基础数据.     

Optimized soil inversion in the headlands with a novel section-controlled mouldboard ploughing system

In inversion tillage systems, the mouldboard plough is fundamental for producing a desirable seedbed. The desired ploughing quality is achieved when the plough layer is inverted homogeneously. This is, however, difficult to obtain in the main-headland intersection zone where the plough is lowered and elevated, as ploughed and unploughed triangles are formed. This results in zones where the soil is inverted twice, which may result in poor residue and weed incorporation and a poor seedbed quality. The design of the three-point linkage-attached mouldboard plough has not changed since the 1950s, but the number of furrows has increased, which has increased the size of the aforementioned triangles. A novel ploughing system was introduced to meet these headland challenges, where each plough section can be lowered and elevated independently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of using a section-controlled mouldboard plough. Two similarly designed, randomized, field plot experiments were conducted on two different soil types (sandy loam and loamy sand) on a stubble field and grass field. The study showed that the section-controlled plough reduced the main-headland overlap area by ~98%. The results of a range of soil physical properties measurements and seedbed quality analyses showed that the section-controlled plough created a homogeneous loosened seedbed quality, improving the incorporation of crop residues and leaving fewer residues on the soil surface. Furthermore, the section-controlled plough showed additional benefits, for example wedge operations and visual line marking.     

基于咸水处理和精准灌溉相结合的优势分析

咸水淡化技术是开发利用海洋资源最合理的方式。文章从咸水直接灌溉带来的土壤盐渍化危害入手,概述了咸水处理与精准灌溉的意义,介绍了微咸水淡化流程和精准灌溉流程,提出了微咸水处理及精准灌溉的结合方式,展望了咸水淡化和节水灌溉的发展趋势,并分析了制约咸水淡化技术发展的能源和工艺2个因素。本研究得出,节水灌溉技术未来将集远程灌溉管理和综合调控分析于一体,真正实现智能化灌溉管理。将太阳能技术与纳滤技术相结合会创造广阔的市场前景,纳米颗粒膜和光热转化碳纤维等材料将是海水淡化研究的热点。因此,咸水淡化技术与精准灌溉相结合,其资源利用效率将大幅提高,土壤环境亦会得到极大改善,与未来生态科技的发展趋势将更加契合。     

基于模糊c均值聚类法的玉米农田管理分区研究

为提高大面积农田作物管理的精确性，以甘肃黄羊河农场玉米膜下滴灌示范区为研究对象，对大面积农田进行管理分区研究。综合考虑地形属性（高程、坡度、坡向）、土壤质地（砂粒、粘粒、粉粒含量）、土壤含水率（SWC）、速效氮含量（AN）、电导率（EC1:5）以及玉米产量，根据相关性分析结果筛选产量主控因子，使用主成分分析得到3个主成分作为分区依据，进而使用模糊c均值聚类法（Fuzzy c-means algorithm, FCM）进行管理区划分，以模糊性能指数和归一化分类熵作为最佳分区数的评判依据，分析管理分区后各分区间的差异。结果表明：玉米产量的主控因子分别为土壤粉粒含量、土壤砂粒含量、SWC、AN、EC1∶5和高程，使用模糊c均值聚类法进行聚类分区得到最优分区数为3个。管理区之间各主控因子呈现极显著差异性（P<0.01），且生育期内作物株高、叶面积指数（LAI）和SWC在不同分区中也有明显差异；同时，分区内的各因子变异性均有不同程度的下降。研究结果说明，农田分区管理可以依据不同分区特点制定管理策略，为“精准农业”的实施提供理论基础。     

土壤有机质实验方法改进与探索

目前对于土壤农化分析实验，越来越多科研人员开始投入到相关课题研究中，本文主要针对土壤有机质的测定方法重铬酸钾容量分析法进行阐述，通过传统油浴和改进沸水浴两种加热方法，对实验数据进行比对分析，掌握两种方法的优缺点以及科研项目研究中适宜选择的方法，通过长期实验研究，结合当地土壤的性质得出结论，希望为相关科研工作顺利进展贡献一份力量。     

气力机械组合式单盘双行排种器设计与仿真分析

针对国内气力式精密排种器大部分关键技术还不够成熟,从国外购买相关装备价格昂贵,造成了很大的经济负担,为此设计了一款机械式单盘双行排种器安装于气力式排种器下方,构成组合式单盘双行排种器。对蜂窝式单盘双行排种器进行了理论分析并进行了结构设计,使用SolidWorks创建了各部件的三维模型并进行装配,将装配好的三维模型导入到动力学仿真软件Adams中,排种盘前进速度设置为1.5 km/h,对其它各部件添加约束进行仿真。仿真结果表明当型孔倾角为2°时,种子不可以下落;型孔的倾角为6°、10°、14°时,播种间距分别为13.4 cm、10.46 cm、9.5 cm,行距过大。当排种盘型孔倾角为18°时,播种间距为7 cm,满足农艺要求,为整机的加工制造提供理论依据。     

The response of potato crop to the spatiotemporal variability of soil compaction under centre pivot irrigation system

Precision agriculture techniques were employed to study the impact of the spatiotemporal variations of soil compaction on the performance of potato crop during its various growth stages. The study has been conducted on a 30 ha centre pivot irrigated potato field, located in Wadi Al-Dawasir area in Saudi Arabia. In situ soil compaction measurements were collected, in conjunction with Sentinel-2A satellite data, and correlated spatiotemporally against potato crop growth and yield parameters. The univariate and bivariate Moran's function (Moran's I), the linear regression and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques were used to analyse the data and examine the interrelationships. The spatial correlations between the measured variables revealed high clustering, producing Moran's I of 0.87, 0.79 and 0.57 for soil compaction, yield and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), respectively. Compaction-yield relationship revealed a relatively high significant negative spatial correlation (Moran's I = 0.68). While, the spatial correlation between the average values of compaction and NDVI has negatively produced a Moran's I value of 0.45 (at 0.001 significance level), when 999 permutations were tested for all relationships. A significant positive correlation was observed between high compaction and high proportion of small size tubers, with R² and P > F values of 0.65 and .0001, respectively. In contrast, a significant negative correlation has been obtained between high compaction and high proportion of large size tubers, with R² and P > F values of 0.57 and .0001, respectively. Understanding the causes of disparity in the productivity of agricultural fields will help decision-makers and farmers to take proactive actions towards better agricultural practices.