"新梨7号"雄性不育特性及其败育的细胞学研究

利用石蜡切片法,观察比较了“新梨7号”及其父母本花药发育和花粉发育过程中细胞学上的变化特征。研究结果表明：“新梨7号”梨花器小,花药干瘪,几乎无花粉粒,表现出雄性不育的空囊花药;导致花粉败育的主要原因可能是：绒毡层细胞在花粉母细胞时期出现畸形、提旱解体,致使绝大多数小孢子母细胞不能正常发育,即使有的小孢子母细胞可以进行减数分裂,但形成的小孢子四分体也不能正常发育成为成熟的花粉粒,导致最终败育。目前大量研究已表明,雄性不育是由基因或染色体调控的。因此,本试验的形态解剖结果是不育基因表达的产物。     

玉米花粉破壁方法的试验研究 Ⅰ.超微粉碎破壁方法的研究

采用多因素分析和二次回归正交旋转试验设计的方法,建立了试验因素与试验指标间影响关系的数学模型。通过优化计算得到玉米花粉超微化破壁的最佳工艺参数为:转速476r/min,粉碎时间为1.2h,球料比为7,花粉含水量控制在5%以下。此时花粉颗粒径小于8μm,花粉破壁率达100%。     

花粉管通道法转基因抗虫棉外源基因的整合方式

对花粉管通道法培育的转Bt基因抗虫棉GK19、GK22、1016、1018、1022、1025、GK5、GKsu12和SGK1进行Southern杂交分析。结果表明,目的基因能够完整整合到基因组里,HindⅢ酶切位点有可能发生甲基化或丢失。除1018以外的上述8个抗虫棉的分析结果还表明,载体骨架没有整合到棉花基因组中。     

丛枝菌根真菌侵染指标与植物促生效应相关性分析

为探讨不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)生长特性与功能(植物生长和养分吸收)的相关性。采用分室根箱装置,以玉米(Zea mays L.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为宿主植物,选取7种AMF:摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、近明球囊霉C.claroideum、细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata、黏屑多样孢囊霉Diversispora spurca,以不接种为对照进行温室盆栽试验,测定菌根侵染率、根外菌丝密度、植物地上部生物量、磷/锌吸收量、植物根系AMF gDNA丰度以及玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量。结果表明:接种F.mosseae、R.intraradices、G.versiforme、C.etunicatum的玉米和紫花苜蓿根系侵染率及根外菌丝密度较高,对植株生长和磷、锌吸收均表现为正效应;C.claroideum、A.scrobiculata、D.spurca根系侵染率和根外菌丝密度较低,C.claroideum对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收表现为促进效应,而对玉米表现出抑制效应,后两者对植株生长和磷、锌吸收无显著效应或抑制作用;AMF的生长指标(菌根侵染率和根外菌丝密度)与菌根生长效应以及磷、锌吸收效应之间均具有较高的正相关性,根系AMF总侵染率对玉米菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为79.0%,77.6%和74.1%;菌丝侵染率对紫花苜蓿菌根生长效应、磷/锌吸收效应变异的解释量分别为76.5%,72.6%和74.0%;此外,仅紫花苜蓿根系AMF gDNA丰度与根系总侵染率显著正相关,玉米根系ZmPht1;6基因的相对表达量与菌根磷吸收效应显著正相关。综上,AMF的侵染指标显著影响植物生长和养分吸收效应,AMF gDNA丰度可作为表示AMF生长的指标,但因植物而异,玉米根系ZmPht1;6的相对表达量在一定程度上可反映AMF吸磷能力。     

Biomass distribution in 40-year-old trees of Japanese black pine

Measurements were carried out to survey the quantity of above- and below-ground biomass and its distribution of five Japanese black pines (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) growing on a sandy soil. The roots, divided into diameter groups, were surveyed using two methods—soil coring and excavation. Average dry weight of total biomass of the trees was 176,185 g. Roots represented 13.2%, below-ground stump 6.5%, stem 70.4% and branches with needles 9.9% of total biomass. Roots made up about two thirds and stump one third of below-ground biomass. Total length of below-ground biomass (except roots with diameter < 0.1 cm) was 479.1 m/tree. Roots with diameter of 0.1–0.2 cm represented only 0.7% of below-ground biomass, however as much as 49.9% of their total length. Roots with diameter over 10.0 cm constituted as much as 21.6% of below-ground biomass, however were only 0.3% of its total length. Root systems had well developed tap roots to maximal depth of 231 cm. The results indicated that mass and length of roots with diameter 0.5–2.0 cm had a close correlation with branch mass. Mass and length of roots with diameter 2.0–10.0 cm closely correlated to stem mass. Stem mass, root mass and root length closely correlated to DBH. A rather low correlation was found between DBH and mass of branches and below-ground stump. DBH was a suitable variable for predicting total biomass.     

杉木球花特性及其种子园花粉量的研究

本文以姥山杉木初级种子园、杉木种源林和普通杉木林为对象,对杉木雌雄球花在树冠中的分布及其发育过程,雄球花特征值频率分布,雄球花大小分类及花粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明,杉木雌雄球花在树冠中的分布具有成层性。雌球花主要分布在树冠上、中部,雄球花则主要分布在下、中部。杉木雄球花及花粉特征值频率分布为偏态分布。雄球花的大小可按小孢子叶球数平均值一倍的标准差,分为大、中、小3类。花粉的客重为656.071 8mg/cm~3。用容重法测得的每个孢粉囊产生的花粉为3700粒。姥山杉木种子园平均每株母树产生花粉约697 g,约35.1亿粒。整个种子园产花粉约12681kg,约6.5478×10~(14)粒。偏雄,宜进行适当改造。     

柚木花粉离体萌发试验

柚木(Tectona grandis L.f.)是世界名贵的用材树种,天然分布于印度、缅甸、泰国和老挝[1],具有生长快、用途广、纹理美观和价格昂贵的特点,已在热带、南亚热带地区广为引种,是世界上人工林种植面积最大的4个树种之一,也是单位面积产值最高的一个造林树种[2-3]。我国引种柚木已有170多年的     

荷花木莲花粉活力测定方法比较

以荷花木莲新鲜花粉为试验材料,用醋酸洋红染色法、TTC染色法、液滴培养法、琼脂滴培养法和琼脂薄层涂片培养法对其花粉生活力进行了测定.结果表明:醋酸洋红染色法和TTC染色法测定结果极显著高于离体萌发培养法,不宜用于荷花木莲花粉生活力的测定;在三种离体萌发培养法中,液滴培养法最简单,结果直观稳定,是最适合的花粉生活力测试方法.     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.