Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

酸枣花器官结构、花粉形态及生活力比较研究

为了给酸枣花器官研究、花粉生活力的快速测定提供理论依据,笔者测定了不同的酸枣类型花器官结构、花粉形态及花粉萌发率和生活力的差异。结果表明：（1）不同的酸枣类型花序花朵数、花冠直径、蜜盘直径、雄蕊长度等方面都有不同程度的差异。花序花朵数一般在2~9个;单花雄蕊个数为5个;蜜盘颜色一般有淡黄色和黄绿色2种。（2）酸枣花粉比较小,通常在18.86~26.19 μm,以近球形为主,萌发孔以三孔沟居多。（3）不同的酸枣类型花粉的萌发率存在显著差异,其中酸枣4的萌发率最高,为32.54%;TTC法和I-KI法测定的花粉生活力显著高于离体培养法,测定值误差较大,故离体培养法更适合酸枣花粉生活力的测定。     

野蔷薇种子休眠和萌发整齐度研究

野蔷薇的种子低温砂藏30 d才开始发芽,然后再需50d时间才能结束发芽,发芽率为75％左右.酸处理、酸蚀裂口处理可缩短种子低温砂藏时间和发芽时间;通过清水分级可剔除劣质种子,提高种子质量的一致性,从而提高发芽率和发芽整齐度.将野蔷薇种子用盐水分级,剔除劣质种子,然后将分级种子用浓盐酸处理20 min,制成酸蚀种子,再经裂口处理,制成分级酸蚀裂口种子,则处理种子低温层积13 d开始发芽,发芽时间缩短为16d,发芽率提高到90％以上.     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

Germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara can be inhibited by reduced concentration of Blasin®Flowable with carbon dioxide microbubbles

We investigated the possibility to reduce the usage of Blasin^®Flowable (BF), a disinfectant inhibiting the germination and appressorium formation of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara conidia, by using carbon dioxide microbubbles (CO₂MB). Germination was significantly inhibited by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing CO₂MB generated by the decompression-type generator compared to CO₂ millibubbles (CO₂MMB) and CO₂MB generated by the gas-water circulating-type generator. Appressorium formation in the 10 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs was less than that in CO₂MMB. Scanning electron microscopy showed wrinkles and dents on the surface of conidia treated with 5 000-fold diluted BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Via transmission electron microscopy, we observed the expansion of the vacuole and the intracellular space and bloated or absent lipid granules in the conidia treated with BF solution containing both CO₂MBs. Our results show that inhibition of the conidium germination and appressorium formation of P. oryzae Cavara by 10 000-fold diluted BF solution could be achieved by using the decompression-type CO₂MB.     

基于灰色关联下的广西粮食主要生产影响因素评价

通过对1995—2010年主要年份广西主要粮食（稻谷、玉米、大豆、薯类）产量与相关生产因素的灰色关联度动态分析,提出广西主要粮食生产的可持续发展途径,为农业可持续发展提供参考。运用灰色系统理论中的关联度分析法对1995—2010年其中6个主要年份与粮食生产有关的7个影响因素进行量化动态分析。结果表明：粮食产量与相关生产因素的关联度为播种面积〉城镇居民家庭人均购买粮食数量〉化肥施用量〉乡村从业人员〉农田有效灌溉面积〉单位面积产量〉农田总用电量。     

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.     

盐碱胁迫和干旱胁迫对紫苏种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过研究盐碱胁迫和干旱胁迫对紫苏种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以期为抗性品种选育提供理论依据.采用培养皿滤纸培养法通过不同配比的NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHCO3和Na2CO3对紫苏种子进行盐碱胁迫模拟,不同浓度聚乙二醇和甘露醇进行干旱胁迫模拟,结果表明:紫苏种子的发芽率和发芽势均随盐胁迫和干旱胁迫程度增加而降低;3种盐...     

四倍体刺槐种子形态及结构变异研究

对四倍体刺槐种子进行观测和解剖,结果证明：四倍体刺槐种子单粒重、有胚率和萌发率分别是二倍体刺槐的26.3%、30.1%和6.3%;单粒重10mg以上的种子（比例4.41%）萌发率达62.28%,小于7mg（比例84.97%）的种子就完全失去了萌发力。四倍体刺槐种胚重量、胚乳重量、种皮重量及三者的构成比例均明显不同于二倍...     

不同施肥措施对旱地采煤塌陷区复垦土壤结构及玉米品质的影响

研究不同施肥措施对复垦土壤结构及玉米品质的影响,以期深入理解采煤塌陷区复垦土壤有机碳固持机制.采集复垦1年的定位试验各处理耕层(0—20 cm)土样以及玉米籽粒,分析土壤水稳性团聚体(>2,0.25～2,0.053～0.25 mm)及粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)中有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)含量、玉米籽粒蛋白质、...