牡丹种间远缘杂交不亲和的细胞学与生理机制研究

目的 明晰牡丹种间远缘杂交不亲和的细胞学及生理机制,为牡丹远缘杂交提供理论及试验基础。 方法 以牡丹‘凤丹’为母本,保康牡丹为父本,进行远缘杂交授粉亲和性研究,探讨授粉后雌蕊保护酶活性、可溶性物质含量及内源激素含量变化与花粉萌发、花粉管生长之间的联系。 结果 保康牡丹与‘凤丹’远缘杂交亲和性差的细胞学原因是花粉萌发慢,花粉管多有胼胝质沉积、扭曲缠绕严重,生长多无序并伴有分枝现象,只部分能穿过花柱到达子房。生理机制研究结果表明：授粉后,SOD活性快速升高有利于花粉柱头识别及花粉管生长;MDA含量快速增加不利于远缘杂交授粉花粉管的伸长生长;远缘杂交雌蕊较自交雌蕊可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量高,表现为柱头识别作用及雌蕊排异作用加强;自交雌蕊IAA含量显著高于杂交,高水平IAA、GA3、IPA有助于花粉萌发及花粉管生长;远缘杂交雌蕊ABA含量显著高于自交雌蕊,高水平ABA、JA对花粉管生长显示抑制作用,诱发胼胝质沉积,花粉管扭曲缠绕生长无序。 结论 ‘凤丹’与保康牡丹远缘杂交存在受精前障碍,其与雌蕊内部酶活性变化、内源激素含量的动态变化及可溶性物质含量密切相关。     

二倍体棱叶蒜花粉活性的变化特征

以分布于乌鲁木齐雅玛里克山的二倍体棱叶蒜(Allium caeruleum)为研究对象,对其不同开花物候期的花粉寿命和活力变化特征进行研究,以期为该植物资源的迁地保护提供指导。结果表明,联苯胺α-萘酚染色法、TTC法、醋酸洋红法、I2-KI法、孢粉染色法和红墨水法均无法有效检测,而MTT法和离体萌发法适合二倍体棱叶蒜的花粉活力测定,适宜的离体萌发法培养基配方为蔗糖100 g·L-1+硼酸80 mg·L-1。不同开花物候期的花粉寿命均在60 h以内,存在两个活力高峰,4 h时活力最强。处于同一开花物候期的二倍体棱叶蒜的花粉活力和花粉萌发率之间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),变化规律一致,花粉均可育,为短寿命花粉。     

根据花粉形态探讨中国栽培牡丹的起源

目的了解月季组下物种的亲缘关系及演化规律。方法选取蔷薇属月季组的香水月季和月季花25份材料,利用电子扫描显微镜观察其花粉形态,选取12个性状进行测量,并根据观测结果对研究材料进行聚类分析。结果供试材料的花粉均为单粒花粉,呈长球形或超长球形(P/E在1.98~2.35之间),大小为(36.06~42.81) μm×(16.39~20.07) μm。萌发孔三孔沟,外壁纹饰均为孔穴—条纹型。不同种类之间花粉的外壁纹饰具有一定的相似性,但仍然在条纹走向和孔穴穿透等非数量性状方面有所差异,从而对外壁纹饰进一步细分为不同类型。聚类分析结果表明：所有材料被划分为4个类群。结论香水月季是蔷薇属中一个较为进化的物种。     

花粉发酵研究进展

花粉为植物雄性配子体,营养组成全面均衡,活性物质含量较高,是优良的保健食品原料。对花粉的营养组成、保健功能及花粉发酵进行概述,着重阐述了花粉固态及液态发酵的方式和作用,以期为花粉产品深加工提供可行的研究思路及科学依据,推动我国花粉市场进一步发展。     

杜仲花粉营养成分的研究

为了给杜仲花粉开发利用提供科学依据,采用紫外可见分光光度计、氨基酸分析仪、高效液相色谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计等对杜仲花粉中蛋白质、氨基酸、糖、粗脂肪、维生素、总黄酮及矿质元素进行了测定。结果表明杜仲花粉含蛋白质28.27 %、氨基酸总量180.10 g·kg-1、人体必须的氨基酸60.97 g·kg-1、还原糖6.70%、蔗糖1.90%、粗脂肪2.50%、VA1153.10 μg·kg-1、VE 22.46 mg·kg-1、总黄酮3.36%,并含有丰富的矿质元素。杜仲花粉营养成分丰富,具有较高的开发利用价值。西北林学院学报22卷第6期马仁萍等杜仲花粉营养成分的研究     

蜜蜂花粉中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn元素初级形态分析

以蜜蜂花粉为试验材料 ,应用原子吸收分光光度法测定了花粉中微量元素Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn初级形态含量及形态分布。结果表明 ,用 70℃水浸泡花粉 ,花粉中Fe、Zn、Cu及Mn元素 2次总提取率都不高 ,分别为6 931%、5 2 786 %、4 4 4 4 3%和 4 6 5 4 9%。     

辐射花粉授粉诱导甜瓜单倍体

为了掌握辐射花粉授粉诱导甜瓜单倍体技术,以5种基因型甜瓜为材料,通过应用γ射线辐射的花粉进行授粉结合胚胎培养,从2种基因型中获得了单倍体植株,单倍体的平均诱导频率为0.29%。这2种基因型分别属于厚皮和薄皮甜瓜类型。花粉的辐射剂量为300Gy和600Gy时,供试材料的平均坐果率分别为50%和10%。辐射剂量为300Gy时,诱导厚皮甜瓜4810和薄皮甜瓜新富玉形成了单倍体植株,单倍体植株的诱导频率分别为0.55%和0.63%;剂量为600Gy时未能诱导供试材料形成单倍体。研究结果表明母本的基因型和花粉的辐射剂量对坐果率和单倍体的产生有一定的影响。此外,对单倍体植株与正常二倍体植株的形态学进行了比较观察,结果表明单倍体植株生长势弱,叶片较小,雄花和雌花均败育。     

Pollination requirements for seed set in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)

Summary Pollination experiments were carried out on ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus), known as a very poor seed producer. All the clones used were diploids. The effect of self-vs. cross-pollination was studied in Experiment 1. Caged selfpollinated flowers produced no seeds. Different clones produced seeds in 0–8% of caged cross-pollinated flowers and in 5–19% of cross-pollinated non-caged flowers. Ulluco is thus basically an outbreeder.Experiment 2 studied whether seed set is limited by pollen availability. Total seed number per inflorescence number did not differ between plants treated with supplemental pollen and control plants; pollen availability thus did not limit seed set. The treated plants, however, produced more seeds in cross-pollinated than in other flowers on the plant, and the control flowers on treated plants produced fewer seeds than those on the control plants. In the treated plants, resources may have been allocated to artificially cross-pollinated flowers at the expense of other flowers. In some clones, seed set after artificial cross-pollination was at a level practicable for breeding work.     

Different breeding systems of three varieties of Bidens pilosa in Taiwan

Three varieties of the introduced Bidens pilosa (Hairy beggar‐ticks; Asteraceae) co‐exist in Taiwan. Bidens pilosa var. minor and var. pilosa are naturalised, while only var. radiata is invasive. Differences in seed set in bagged versus open‐pollinated capitula, pollen–pistil interactions and the pollen/ovule (P/O) ratio were investigated among these three varieties. In contrast with the resulting 45–55% seed set in each bagged capitulum of var. minor and var. pilosa, almost no mature seeds (1–2 seeds) were found in bagged capitula of var. radiata, showing that var. radiata has a low capability of autonomous seed production. In bagged capitula, only 1.5% of pistils of var. radiata, but 76% and 52% of those of var. minor and pilosa, respectively, had pollen tubes penetrating into their styles, suggesting that var. radiata has strong self‐incompatibility mechanisms preventing autonomous autogamy. The P/O ratio, with mean values of 8189, 2053 and 1613 for var. radiata, var. minor and var. pilosa, respectively, were counted. These results support the hypothesis that the three varieties bear different breeding systems; the invasive var. radiata is highly self‐incompatible, whereas the other two naturalised varieties are self‐compatible.     

云南板栗花粉形态、萌发率和果实特性的研究

以4个云南板栗品种为试验材料,从其花粉形态特性,萌发率和通过相互授粉试验来研究果实直感效应.本次试验结果表明板栗花粉粒的形态大小在不同品种间具有一定的差异,云栗15号的花粉粒比云栗42号大,其在同一品种雌株上授粉所结果实亦比云栗42号的大;从板栗花粉萌发率上的结果上看.云栗42号的萌发率比云粟15号的要高,其球苞内坚果数亦比云栗15号多.板栗果实大小的直感效应受到授粉组合的亲和力、花粉粒大小和萌发率的影响.