Association of Phytate Formation with Grain Filling in Rice

The grain-filling characteristics of six rice varieties (combinations) and the relationships between their relative biochemistry composition during phytate synthesizing and grain plumpness were studied. Regarding results for ISHR1,ISHR2, R198 and JW21, with good grain plumpness, the two-step-filling in superior spikelets and inferior spikelets was not clear, while for ISHR3 and 559, with poor grain plumpness, it was very clear. From booting stage to flowering stage, the contents of phytate and inositol in varieties with good grain plumpness was obviously higher than those in varieties with poor grain plumpness. While at grain filling stage, the content of inorganic phosphorus in varieties with poor grain plumpness was obviously higher than that in varieties with good grain plumpness. The contents of phytate and inositol from booting stage to flowering stage was highly significantly correlated with the initial filling power (RO), the mean filling rate (RM) and grain filling percentage (PGF), and the content of inorganic phosphorus at grain filling stage was negatively significantly correlated with R0, FM and PGF. Furthermore, effective approach to improving grain filling was put forward.     

Influence of Soil Drought on Plant Growth, Assimilation and Dissimilation of CO2 and Accumulation of Photosynthates in Field Bean (Vicia faba L. minor) During Pod Formation and Rapid Pod Growth

Field bean planes cultivar Nadwiślański were submitted to soil drought (30 % of field soil water capacity) for 5 days at the stage of pod formation (A) and of rapid pod growth (B) and then exposed for 20 minutes to ¹⁴CO₂. Radioactivity of leaves, stems, roots, and pods or pod shells and seeds was measured 1, 5, 24 and 48 hours after exposition.
In both stages soil drought reduced by about five times total CO₂ assimilation, mainly owing to lower activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and also, though less so, to reduced leaf growth. Photosynthetic activity referred to the dry weight of the leaves dropped to 22-35% of controls. Accumulation of photosynthetates in generative organs was much less depressed than ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation. 48 hours after exposition to ¹⁴CO₂ of drought treated plants, the contents of ¹⁴C of pods in phase A, and seeds in phase B, amounted to respectively 24% and 36% of assimilated ¹⁴C and equalled 91.5% and 74% of the corresponding values for controls.
The progressive decline of radioactivity in leaves and stems after ¹⁴CO₂ exposition was distinctly correlated to the rise of radioactivity of generative organs both in soil drought treated plants and in controls. Slightly lower values of correlation coefficients in drought treated plants may indicate impairment under drought conditions of synchronization in processes of unloading and accumulation of assimilates.
In plants drought treated in phase A the ability to dissimilate ¹⁴C was reduced to about 59% of that in controls, but when drought was applied in phase B, dissimilation rate was about three times as high.     

对公路、桥梁工程质量问题及其预探浅析

本文作者从管理和施工两个方面对公路、桥梁工程质量问题及其预防控制措施进行了较全面的论述。     

Functional Growth Model for Pod Development in Greengram and Blackgram

Identification of readily measured traits that are associated with higher productivity of field crops is important to breeders. The objective of this study was to find out whether pod filling rate or duration of pod filling greatly decide final pod weight in greengram and blackgram. The effective pod filling duration is only 16 days in both the crops. Pod filling rate is more important than duration of pod development. Richards function is found to more closely fit the data on pod development from anthesis to maturity in both the species.     

Usefulness of the Detached Pod Test for Assessment of Cacao Resistance to Phytophthora Pod Rot

The detached pod test by spray method (DPT-SM) was developed to facilitate the screening of cacao genotypes for resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (PPR) caused by Phytophthora palmivora. The test has been adopted in many cacao research institutes, and it is imperative that its validity be assessed. In this study, 40 genotypes from various cacao groups were selected and screened for resistance to PPR by DPT-SM and field observations. Significant variation was observed in the reactions of the selected accessions based on the disease rating scale for DPT-SM and the percentage pod rot from field observations. A correlation coefficient of 0.68 (P<0.001) was observed between the results of year-1 and year-2 field observations. However, relatively lower correlation values were obtained between year-3 and year-1 (r=0.32; P=0.041) and year-3 and year-2 (r=0.35; P=0.025) field observations. A higher level of susceptibility was observed in the third year of field observations (63%) than in the first (15%) and second (25%) years. This suggests that the predisposing factors for PPR were unstable between the years of field observations. Data obtained from the Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Services showed that the rainfall in November of the third year was higher than the amounts of rainfall in November of the first 2 years of field observations. This month marks the beginning of the main pod harvest season (November–February) and the high rainfall in November of the third year, and the presence of large number of mature pods may account in part for the increase in PPR in the third year of field observations than in the first 2 years. This shows that absolute reliance could not be placed on a single year of field observations in determining clonal resistance to PPR. A correlation coefficient of 0.59 (P<0.001) was obtained between the result of year-2 field observations and DPT-SM. Relatively lower correlation values were observed between DPT-SM and year-1 (r=0.55; P<0.001) and year-3 (r=0.44; P=0.005) field observations. The result of DPT-SM, however, shows a higher correlation (r=0.66; P<0.001) with the average of years 1–3 field observations. This suggests that a stronger association may exist between the result of DPT-SM and the cumulative data on field observations for a period longer than 3 years. The correlation (r=0.66; P<0.001) observed in this study confirms the usefulness of DPT-SM as an effective method of assessing clonal resistance to PPR and predicting field reaction in the long term. Since field observations are labour intensive and expensive to conduct on a yearly basis, the DPT-SM offers a cheaper and effective means of assessing clonal resistance to PPR. Being a non-destructive inoculation method, the DPT-SM provides a suitable option for cacao collections in genebanks to be assessed. It is also a cost-effective method for use in cacao breeding programmes. Based on its reliability, the DPT-SM has been adopted in the CFC/ICCO/IPGRI cocoa project ‘Cocoa Germplasm Utilization and Conservation: A Global Approach’ for the assessment of cacao resistance to PPR in several cocoa producing countries.     

聚糠萘水剂对不同积温带玉米叶片衰老和籽粒灌浆速率的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以郑单958和丰单3号为材料,于六叶期喷施玉米专用抗冷剂聚糠萘水剂(PKN),研究PKN对黑龙江省3个积温带上花后玉米穗位叶衰老生理及籽粒灌浆速率的影响。结果表明,从第I积温带到第III积温带,气温逐渐降低; 两玉米品种穗位叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及叶绿素(Chl a+Chl b)含量均呈逐渐下降趋势,而MDA含量呈逐渐升高的趋势。同一积温带,两品种不同处理的穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性随生育期呈“先升高后下降”的单峰变化趋势,而MDA含量呈“先降低后升高”的趋势; PKN处理后3个积温带的两品种穗位叶SOD、POD、CAT的活性及叶绿素含量较对照均有不同程度的提高。而MDA的含量与对照相比呈下降趋势。从第I积温带到第III积温带,两品种籽粒的干重均随籽粒的发育呈“慢—快—慢”的S型变化,而灌浆速率呈“先升高后降低”的单峰曲线变化趋势,且两品种籽粒干物重和灌浆速率呈下降趋势; PKN处理后两品种的籽粒干物重和灌浆速率较对照均有不同程度的提高。2010年和2011年PKN处理后3个积温带两品种的产量均增加。2010年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高2.58%、1.17%和2.04%、1.48%。2011年第III积温带的ZDTR和FDTR的增产幅度比第I、第II积温带高8.2%、5.1%和3.4%、0.8%。由此可见,PKN处理后延缓玉米叶片衰老,提高籽粒的灌浆速率,最终增加玉米的产量。     

天津滨海新区盐碱土绿化综合治理技术研究

论述了天津滨海新区自然条件与土壤盐碱化关系,当前滨海新区城市绿化盐碱土综合治理模式与技术,并提出了今后滨海新区盐碱土治理研究重点和方向。当前滨海新区盐碱土治理模式以"抬"为基础,以"排"为核心,并辅助农业措施、物理化学措施和生物措施;主要技术方法包括土方填垫、暗管排水、翻土晒垡、施肥整地、客土改良、盐生植物改土、绿肥改土、耐盐碱园林植物改土等。     

HACCP在热灌装饮料生产中的应用

简要介绍了HACCP体系的主要内容,并将其应用于热灌装绿茶饮料的生产过程当中,从品管的角度分析产品的危害因素,确定了关键控制点。通过HACCP体系在热灌装绿茶饮料中的应用,可有效控制热灌装绿茶饮料的质量,提高产品的安全性,同时也可以提高全员素质。     

菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲喂荷斯坦牛的试验研究

本试验旨在研究菜用大豆荚壳混合青贮饲料对奶牛产奶量、乳品质和血液生化指标的影响。试验选取12头体况、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分为3组。对照组奶牛按牛场原有日粮和饲喂方式饲喂;试验Ⅰ组用6kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代1.5kg苜蓿干草,试验Ⅱ组用9kg豆荚混合青贮饲料替代2.5kg苜蓿干草,其他均不作变动。结果表明:混合豆荚青贮饲料代替部分苜蓿干草对奶牛产奶量无显著影响,对乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖、非脂固形物和血液生化指标无显著影响。以产1kg标准乳计,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组可分别节约饲料成本0.08元和0.14元,可见利用混合豆荚青贮饲料替代部分苜蓿干草饲喂奶牛经济、可行。     

小麦花后淹水胁迫对根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响

为了探讨淹水对花后冬小麦根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响,在淮北平原涝渍易发地河南商丘市,对处于花后灌浆阶段的冬小麦进行淹水试验。结果表明,淹水使小麦百粒重降低,花后灌浆阶段淹水1 d、3 d和5 d使乳熟期的小麦百粒重比非淹水处理分别降低6.93%、10.35%和10.31%;淹水使小麦灌浆速率受到抑制,淹水5 d、3 d、1 d和CK的平均单粒灌浆速率分别为1.36、1.39、1.52和1.61 mg·d^-1,淹水超过5 d使小麦的乳熟时间推后。淹水使10~40 cm土层间温差变小,淹水时间越长,10~40 cm土温降低越多,淹水结束后土温回升也越快。花后淹水使小麦干物质量及籽粒产量降低,淹水5 d以上使小麦地上、地下部分干物质量显著降低。因此,小麦花后灌浆阶段淹水会影响根区环境和地上部干物质的形成,并最终影响籽粒灌浆及产量。