不同降雨年型下水分处理对大穗型小麦品种籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

在大田条件下，探讨了不同降水年型不同水分处理条件下大穗型小麦品种籽粒灌浆及产量的变化。结果表明：通过用不同方程对籽粒生长动态进行拟合，Cubic方程最精确。2000～2001干早年型W和Ws与两个灌浆持续期参数(Se、S)相关性显著．2001～2002丰雨年型W和Ws与3个灌浆速率参数(V、Vs、Vmax)间相关性达显著水平。两年度相比，2000～2001年度籽粒灌浆持续期短，灌浆速率小，导致粒重降低。灌水对灌浆参数的效应年际间存在差异，2000～2001年度随灌水次数增多，S和Se延长，灌浆速率降低；而2001～2002年度随灌水次数增多，S和Se缩短，灌浆速率以灌—水处理最小．灌两水处理最高。灌水对产量的影响，2000～2001年度显著增产，2001～2002年度处理间无显著差异，灌三水处理较灌两水处理反而减产。     

SHK-6对不同群体下大豆花荚脱落及其产量的调控

以"冀豆12"为材料,在大田条件下通过在初花期对不同群体大豆施用SHK-6,研究了植物生长调节剂SHK-6对不同群体条件下大豆产量及其构成因素的调控作用.结果表明:SHK-6能够明显的提高各个群体下的大豆产量(8.0%),在密度水平为30株/m2的条件下施用SHK-6产量达到最高.调节剂SHK一6能够提高单株花数(13.0%)、荚数(14.8%)、粒数(10.9%)、荚重(16.4%)、粒重(12.3%),并且能够提高百粒重(2.4%)、粒茎比(15.0%).虽然SHK-6处理也增加不同密度水平下的花荚脱落数,但对脱落率没有影响.SHK-6能够降低叶面积指数(LAI)、提高下层叶片的光截获率(群体透光率)和下层叶片的叶绿素的含量.可见冠层结构的优化是导致产量提高的根本原因.     

播期对河套地区玉米灌浆进度的影响

旨在为玉米的高产栽培提供理论支撑。采用分期播种法,利用试验数据,建立28个生长模型（方程均通过0.01的极显著检验）,将玉米灌浆期百粒干重、百粒体积随灌浆日数增加的时段分为三阶段,即渐增期、快增期和缓增期。适时播种的玉米吐丝后百粒体积、百粒干重增加进入渐增期,终止日分别为吐丝后的6天和20天,此后进入快速增长期,时间分别为22天和18天;其后到籽粒体积和干重增加进入缓慢增长期。适时播种的玉米百粒干重增加逐渐增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间0~502.4℃·d,增幅0.014 g/℃·d;快速增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间502.4~938.4℃·d,增幅0.049 g/℃·d;缓慢增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间938.4~1355.1℃·d,增幅0.018 g/℃·d。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

不同花生品种对花生果腐病的抗性鉴定

采用自然病圃鉴定法,对76个花生品种（系）进行了花生果腐病抗性评价,以期为抗病育种及田间病害防 治提供理论依据和抗性材料。结果表明,不同花生品种间对花生果腐病的抗性存在着显著差异,供试76份花生品 种（系）中未发现对果腐病免疫的品种,获得高抗品种2个,抗病品种7个,中抗品种12个,感病品种21个,高感品种 33个。聚类分析结果表明,分支I中的9个品种（尤其是花育9115）抗性较好,可进一步加以利用。花生对果腐病的 抗感性与荚果鲜重之间不存在显著相关。     

花生荚果发育及其调控研究进展

花生是重要的油料与经济作物,在农业种植业结构调整中发挥重要作用。荚果是花生的收获器官,深入 研究花生荚果发育及其调控,可以为高产育种提供理论依据。本文从花生荚果发育过程和内外限制因素的调控作 用,并结合激素、营养元素、遗传学研究以及DNA、RNA等分子调控机制,综述了近年来花生荚果发育相关的研究进 展,为后续研究提供参考。     

Shortening the generation cycle in faba bean (Vicia faba) by application of cytokinin and cold stress to assist speed breeding

The aim of this study was to reduce the length of the breeding cycle for faba bean by accelerating seed setting. We examined the mode and time of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (cytokinin) application, and cold treatments and their combinations in two faba bean genotypes. Acropetal node number of pod and seed set and pollen viability were recorded during the experiments. Application of BAP improved pollen germination. The application of 10^–5 M BAP 4 days after flowering increased seed set at the lower nodes. Cold treatment (8/4°C day/night for 2 days) after the onset of flowering induced the formation of more pods and faster pod set compared to the non-cold treatment. The time to first seed was significantly reduced, and pollen viability was increased in plants exposed to cold treatment. Increased pollen viability also showed a significant positive correlation with seed setting. The combinations of 10^–5 BAP and cold treatment together had similar and independent effects. These results will accelerate plant breeding in faba bean by providing additional tools for reducing generation time.     

水稻籽粒灌浆特性及相关性研究

对１８个水稻品种和１６个Ｆ１组合籽粒的灌浆特性及相互关系研究表明，除第一、三生长阶段灌浆持续时间无差异外，其它各阶段间灌浆持续时间，速率及干物质积累量的差异均极显著。各阶段灌浆特性具有相关性，并对终结性状有重要影响，不同生长阶段干物质积累量的决定因素不同，第一阶段为灌浆持续时间，第二、三阶段为灌浆速率。在整个生长过程中，干物质积累主要受灌浆速率的影响，随着籽粒的发育，灌浆持续时间对干物质积累的影响     

豫西旱地小麦化肥与粗肥配合施用效果研究初报

通过对豫西典型旱区定点茬子麦田的土壤含水量、肥力和小麦产量的关系以及农家肥作用的多年研究,初步看出以下几个事实:一是在自然降水相同条件下,小麦产量越高,土壤含水量基本上呈递减趋势。土壤内平均水分含量0—100cm内的要比100—200cm内为少。二是在试验处理限定范围内,施肥量越大土壤肥力越高,产量也越高。在自然降水相同条件下,施肥区平均每毫米自然降水生产的小麦要比对照提高158.8％。三是配方施肥加上增施农家肥的处理区土壤容重明显降低,有机质显著提高,比配方不施农家肥的处理区增产18.1—37.3％。综上所述我们认为:使豫西旱地茬子麦大幅度增产的突破性措施就是配方施肥加农家肥,也是豫西旱地小麦生产的第一因素。     

灌浆结实期水浆管理对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响

以迟熟中粳品种“通育粳1号”为试材,通过大区对比和盆栽处理,研究了灌浆结实期水浆管理对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明：在水稻灌浆结实期,湿润管理的产量最高,大区对比中,湿润管理分别比水层管理和断水管理增产7．47％、19．76％;盆栽试验中,湿润管理分别比水层管理和断水管理增产3．47％、57．26％,断水时间越早,减产越大。抽穗后建立水层有利于改善稻米品质,具体表现为糙米率增加,垩白率、垩白度降低。其中对垩白度的影响最为显著,大区对比和盆栽处理中,水层管理的垩白度分别为4．62％和3．40％,比湿润管理降低52．47％、47．69％,比断水管理降低58．75％、62．22％,垩白度随断水时间的推延而减少。稻米的蛋白质含量以湿润管理最高,水层管理最低。