不同倍性麦类作物HI和NHI的杂种优势及其与产量的关系

本研究利用冬性和春性四倍体硬粒小麦(Triticum durum,AABB)、普通小麦(T.aestivum,AABBDD),春性和冬性六倍体小黑麦(AABBRR)及春性八倍体小黑麦(AABBD-DRR)等三种倍性六套材料,分别在每套材料中选取亲本并配成双列杂交以研究倍性与杂种优势的关系。结果表明:①冬性倍性材料间一致地表现出单株经济产量具有最高的杂种优势,单株经济产量优势高的主要原因在于生物产量的优势较高,收获指数一般优势较小。②不同倍性间亲本产量水平与杂种优势幅度表现出不同关系。冬性硬粒小麦产量水平与杂种优势幅度呈显著正相关,而普通小麦和八倍体小黑麦这种相关不显著。③倍性间杂种优势的比较表明普通小麦产量杂种优势略高于硬粒小麦,超亲优势无差异,表明在 AABB 内增加 D 染色体组似乎不会影响杂种优势的幅度。但小黑麦杂种优势和超亲优势明显低于硬粒小麦和普通小麦,似乎在 AABB 或 AABBDD 中增加 R 染色体组降低了杂种优势的幅度。     

甘蓝型油菜单倍体植株群体的构建

以油菜双低（低芥酸、低硫苷）品种＂沪油12＂的小孢子来源植株为试验材料,研究了供体植株不同外植体部位不定芽再生情况及影响不定芽诱导的一些因素,并对甘蓝型油菜小孢子来源的再生组培苗进行了染色体倍性的鉴定.结果表明,利用节间茎段进行不定芽诱导是一种较好的快速再生植株方式,具有出芽快,遗传特性保持好的特点.茎段具有较强的不定芽分化能力,而叶柄和叶片难以诱导分化出芽.通过优化培养基,建立了甘蓝型油菜小孢子来源植株茎段高频不定芽再生系统.通过对甘蓝型油菜组培苗的叶片气孔保卫细胞和根尖染色体数目的观察,确定了一批小孢子来源的单倍体植株.     

Meiosis and fertility in interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum L. ×N. glauca Grah. and their derivatives

Nicotiana glauca is of potential interest to breeders as it carries resistance to black root rot of tobacco. Cytological investigations of sexual interspecific hybrids of N. tabacum T′T′TT (2n = 4x = 48) cv. ‘Wiślica’ × N. glauca GG (2n = 2x = 24) were carried out. The analyses of chromosome association at diakinesis and metaphase I in the PMCs of amphihaploid F₁ T′TG (2n = 3x = 36) revealed low variable pairing with 0–5 bivalents. The sterile amphihaploids F₁ were converted into partial female fertile amphidiploids T′T′TTGG by chromosome doubling. Among 36 mature plants obtained, 15 were found to have chromosome numbers (2n = 6x = 72) and were verified as amphidiploids, 9 had (2n = 6x = 70 or 71) chromosomes while the remaining 12 were haploid. True amphidiploids, in spite of quite high chromosome pairing during meiosis, were very different in pollen fertility, ranging from 0% to 85%. Male fertility disturbances did not correlate with the degree of female fertility upon pollination with N. tabacum. Sesquidiploids T′TG (2n = 5x = 60) obtained from backcrossing the amphidiploids to parental tobacco showed more than 22 bivalents, 10–12 univalents and occasional multivalents that indicated the possibility of interchange events between N. tabacum and N. glauca genomes.     

Dihaploid Plant Production from 4 × -Genotypes of Potato by the Use of Efficient Anther Plants Producing Tetraploid Strains (4 × EAPP-Clones) — Proposal of a Breeding Methodology

Tetraploid clones of potato with a superior efficiency in producing androgenetic plants (4 × EAPP-clones) have been obtained by culturing in vitro anthers of 2 × EAPP-clones. The latter were isolated by three cycles of recurrent selection from diploid breeding material (UHRIG 1985 a). In this paper we report on the capacity of 4 × EAPP-clones, when crossed to in vitro unresponsive 4 × genotypes, to transmit to their F₁ their androgenetic potential, Five 4 ×× 4 × F₁ crosses were considered, which produced on average 35 embryoids per flower – a value higher than that of nonresponsive 4 × genotypes (no embryoids obtained), but-also significantly better than the value found for 4× EAPP-clones (9.8 embryoids per flower). The hybrid families behaved differently from each other, with one producing up to 63 embryoids per flower. A range of per plant values was, moreover, found, revealing the existence of a large variability among sister plants belonging to the same F₁ cross. The presented data indicate a rather simple inheritance of dominant genetic factors acting in favor ot androgenesis. They also suggest that the utilized 4× EAPP-clones were possibly heterozygous for such genes. Data are also reported on the ploidy level of anther plants obtained from 4× and 2× EAPP-clones. In this respect 2× EAPP-clones show the interesting capacity of generating, via anther culture, a consistent fraction of tetraploid plants (13,7 %). Based on the findings reported in this paper we propose, for tetraploid S. tuherosum L., a cyclic breeding procedure making use of anther culture and where ploidy level alternates, within a cycle, between 2× and 4×.     

Identifying the ploidy of ginkgo pollen using laser scanning confocai and scanning electron microscope.

以经秋水仙碱诱导获得的银杏大花粉为材料,以未经处理的正常银杏花粉为对照,利用扫描电子显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜分别观察2种花粉表面形态,并分析对比其细胞内的DNA相对荧光量与银杏大花粉核内染色体倍性关系,为正确检出银杏二倍体花粉奠定重要工作基础。研究结果表明,此方法用于花粉粒的倍性鉴定科学准确,所需试验样本少,实用性强,在植物花粉倍性鉴定中有着较好的应用前景。     

流式细胞仪快速检测鸭茅与多花黑麦草染色体倍性的研究

以鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）和多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）不同倍性的种质为材料,对流式细胞仪测定牧草多倍体的技术方法和结果进行评价,旨在利用流式细胞仪技术快速确定供试牧草的染色体倍性。采用根尖染色体计数法确定鸭茅‘北绿’品种和多花黑麦草‘Mammoth B’品种为四倍体,以这两个品种的相对核DNA含量和核内DNA复制的平均周期值作为参照,经流式细胞仪检测表明,鸭茅‘早生绿’品种和PI316209种质材料为四倍体,种质PI237602和PI368880为二倍体,PI316209种质的倍性与种质背景信息所提供的倍性存在差异;多花黑麦草‘Musashi’品种为四倍体,‘Tachimasari’和‘Wasehope Ⅲ’两个品种为二倍体。研究结果为流式细胞仪如何在同一物种范围内检测不同倍性样品提供了依据。     

Plant regeneration via protoplast electrofusion in cassava

Protoplast electrofusion between callus protoplasts of cultivar TMS60444 and mesophyll protoplasts of cultivar SC8 was performed as an approach for the genetic improvement of cassava. The fusion products were subsequently cultured in protoplast culture medium(TM2 G) with gradual dilution for approximately 1–2 months. Then the protoplast-derived compact calli were transferred to suspension culture medium(SH) for suspension culture. The cultured products developed successively into embryos, mature embryos, and shoots on somatic embryo emerging medium(MSN), embryo maturation medium(CMM), and shoot elongation medium(CEM), respectively. And the shoots were then rooted on Murashige and Skoog(1962) medium(MS). Sixty-six cell lines were obtained and 12 of them developed into plantlets. Based on assessment of ploidy level and chromosome counting, four of these plantlets were tetraploid and the remaining eight were diploid. Based on assessment of ploidy level and simple sequence repeat(SSR) analysis, nine tetraploid cell lines, one diploid variant plant line and nine variant cell lines were obtained. The diploid variant plant line and the nine variant cell lines all showed partial loss of genetic material compared to that of the parent TMS60444, based on SSR patterns. These results showed that some new germplasm of cassava were created. In this study, a protocol for protoplast electrofusion was developed and validated. Another important conclusion from this work is the confirmation of a viable protocol for the regeneration of plants from cassava protoplasts. Going forward, we hope to provide technical guidance for cassava tissue culture, and also provide some useful inspiration and reference for further genetic improvement of cassava.     

流式细胞光度术用于草莓倍性鉴定的研究

利用流式细胞光度术对草莓３个二倍体、１个五倍体、２个八倍体试管苗的细胞核ＤＮＡ的相对含量进行测定。结果表明,随着倍性水平的增加,细胞核ＤＮＡ相对含量随之成倍增加,说明可利用流式细胞光度术测定细胞核ＤＮＡ含量来进行倍性鉴定;利用这一技术对草莓几个杂交后代及诱变植株的倍性水平进行了鉴定,发现一诱变植株存在两群核ＤＮＡ相对含量相差近一倍的细胞,初步认为这一诱变植株为倍性嵌合体,该结果进一步证明这种方法的可靠性。