农业产业区划中的主元分析

以黄淮海平原（河南省部分）的农业产业区划为例，用主元分析法讨论了分区划片过程，并建立了相应的规则和模式     

玉米中心支轴式喷灌综合节水技术集成模式

中心支轴式喷灌机灌溉技术是现代化农业灌溉的一种模式,将中心支轴式喷灌灌水技术与玉米耕作技术、栽培技术、田间管理技术等集成,形成玉米中心支轴式喷灌综合节水技术集成模式,对于提高玉米综合生产能力具有重要的现实意义。     

喷灌条件下灌水量对建植初期紫花苜蓿产量与品质的影响

通过圆形喷灌机条件下的大田试验,研究了华北地区紫花苜蓿需水规律以及灌水量对苜蓿产量与品质的影响。结果表明:建植1年刈割4次的苜蓿,年需水量为663.39mm,平均日需水强度为3.6mm/d,需水量最大时期为第二、三茬。灌水量对全年产量影响不显著,其中85%ETc处理下年产量最高。在第一、四茬中,灌水量对产量影响不显著,85%ETc处理下获得最高产量;第二、三茬中,随灌水量增加产量逐渐增加,适当减少灌水(85%ETc)不会使产量明显减少,而灌水量减少至70%ETc时产量下降明显。同时,结果表明随着灌水量增加灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)逐渐降低,且灌水量对各茬苜蓿品质均无显著性影响。综合考虑产量、品质与节水效果,建议采用85%ETc作为最优灌水量。     

亭子口库区农田防护工程保水保土性能试验研究

为探讨亭子口库区农田防护工程低地垫高方案的可行性,利用室内大型土柱,对该方案的保水保土问题进行了试验研究。试验采用了不同土壤质地、不同土壤厚度、不同压实度、不同垫层、不同灌水量等共计24组方案,结果表明,经过一定的压实,低地垫高方案土壤保水性能能够达到或好于天然状态;不会出现细颗粒流失问题,耕作层厚度0.7 m能够满足保水保土要求。     

田间试验评估圆形喷灌机变量灌溉系统水量分布特性

为了定量评估变量灌溉对喷灌机灌水深度和水量分布均匀性的影响,该文通过在圆形喷灌机中安装电磁阀、压力调节器、变频器及变量灌溉控制系统,搭建了圆形喷灌机变量灌溉自动控制平台,评估了均匀灌溉、部分喷头开启式变量灌溉和脉冲式变量灌溉条件下的水量分布特性。结果表明,均匀灌溉条件下,当喷灌机行走速度百分数为20%~100%时,沿径向修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数和分布均匀系数变化分别为92%~94%和87%~89%,行走速度的影响很小;沿喷灌机旋转方向(周向),修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数为95%,分布均匀系数为93%,与喷灌机行走速度和测量位置关系不大;通过控制喷灌机行走速度可以获得准确的灌溉水深。变量灌溉条件下,喷灌机周向水量均匀性不变,但径向水量均匀性降低。与均匀灌溉相比,部分喷头开启式变量灌溉的径向修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数和分布均匀系数分别降低10和19个百分点,降低程度随喷头分组数增加而增大。与均匀灌溉相比,脉冲式变量灌溉的径向修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数和分布均匀系数分别降低9和12个百分点,降低程度与相邻管理区内的灌水深度差呈正相关。为保证变量灌溉管理区内的径向修正赫尔曼-海因均匀系数≥85%,部分喷头开启式变量灌溉需在管理区两端分别设置0~3 m的过渡带,脉冲式变量灌溉需设置0~4 m的过渡带。变量灌溉条件下通过调整喷灌机行走速度控制灌溉水深的精度与喷灌机行走速度和电磁阀占空比有关,部分喷头开启式变量灌溉灌水深度平均低估0.48 mm,脉冲式变量灌溉平均低估1.46 mm。     

基于变量灌溉动态分区管理的冬小麦产量与节水效果

喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统是动态监测农田作物水分亏缺状况、构建变量灌溉(variable rate irrigation,VRI)决策支持系统的重要工具。为了评估圆形喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统在变量灌溉动态分区管理中的应用效果,该研究以气象参数和土壤水分传感器网络构建的均一灌溉(uniform rate irrigation, URI)决策方法为对照,评估了基于气象参数、土壤水分传感器网络和作物冠层温度的变量灌溉决策方法对华北平原冬小麦灌溉制度、土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和节水增产效果的影响。在河北省邢台市大曹庄中国水利水电科学研究院智慧灌溉技术与装备创新示范推广基地开展试验,试验区为三跨加悬臂圆形喷灌机控制灌溉面积7.07 hm²,2021年试验区等分为2个子区,布置URI和VRI处理,2022年试验区等分为4个子区,布置URI处理、基于等间隔法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T1)处理、基于“Jenks”自然断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T2)处理和基于几何间隔断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T3)处理。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,URI和VRI处理灌...     

Analysis of uniformity of sprinkle irrigation in a semi-arid area

One of the most appropriate sprinkler systems for arid or semi-arid areas – where a great deal of irrigating water is required – are the permanent set systems and the continuous-move laterals. To know the reality of water application in this type of areas, many field evaluations of solid set systems and centre pivot irrigation were conducted in Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain). The main factors affecting water application and evaporation and drift losses with these systems (pressure, wind speed, sprinkler type, etc.) were analysed. A set of performance guidelines and recommendations for the design and management of sprinkle irrigation is presented to attain the highest uniformity and efficiency in water application in semi-arid areas. To use working pressure as low as possible, but with sprinklers that produce a great deal of middle size water drops along with night irrigation for minimising evaporation and drift losses are important aspects.     

喷灌施氮对马铃薯氮素积累及土壤硝态氮影响

喷灌水肥一体化是提高中国东北半湿润区作物养分利用效率的重要措施.为探索圆形喷灌机水肥一体化条件下,施氮肥对马铃薯产量、氮素积累以及土壤硝态氮分布的影响,试验设置3个施氮量水平：115,165,215 kg/hm²(分别以F1,F2,F3表示);3个施氮频次：2,4,6次(分别以C2,C4,C6表示);选择传统沟施追肥作为对照区.结果表明：处理F2C6的马铃薯块茎产量和商品薯率均最高;相同施氮量条件下,马铃薯块茎氮素积累量随施氮频次增加而增加;相同施氮频次下,随施氮量增加,块茎氮素积累量先增加后减少;马铃薯块茎膨大期在相同施氮量条件下,20～40 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量随施氮频次增加而减小.综合比较,建议黑龙江半湿润地区马铃薯种植采用中肥(165 kg/hm²)、高频次(追施氮肥6次)的喷灌水肥一体化方案.     

圆形喷灌机泵注式施肥装置设计与田间试验

圆形喷灌机水肥一体化作业时对喷洒肥液均匀性有较高要求,需要采用比例施肥装置,确保注入喷灌机的肥液流量保持恒定。为此设计了基于柱塞式注肥泵的泵注式施肥装置,并以注射喷嘴的孔口直径、安装位置以及注肥泵的电源频率为变量,进行了圆形喷灌机应用泵注式施肥装置的喷灌施肥均匀性试验。结果表明,圆形喷灌机停止状态下,注肥泵电源频率50 Hz运行时,3种注射喷嘴孔口直径和3种安装位置的组合工况下喷灌施肥的均匀系数CU为99.00%~99.65%,变异系数CV为0.46%~1.37%,其中当注射喷嘴孔口直径为2.5 mm、安装在进水管水平段位置的工况时获得的喷灌施肥均匀性最佳。圆形喷灌机行走状态下,测得单列雨量筒喷灌施肥均匀系数C*UH为88.77%~90.66%,表明圆形喷灌机采用泵注式施肥装置能够获得较高的喷灌施肥均匀性。此外,通过对比注肥泵电源频率在50 Hz和46 Hz时的喷灌施肥均匀性,发现喷头喷洒肥液的电导率总平均值与电源频率之间具有显著的正相关性,表明改变注肥泵的电源频率是圆形喷灌机实现高均匀度变量喷灌施肥的一种有效途径。     

Uniformity testing of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control systems

As water supplies become limited, agricultural water use needs to become more efficient to maintain current productivity levels. The efficiency of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems can be increased by matching the amount and rate of water application to specific soil conditions that vary in the field. Such site-specific application can be achieved by variable-rate control systems. Although such systems are being developed, their effects on center pivot and linear move uniformity have not been documented. The uniformity along the length of a center pivot and a linear move irrigation system was measured at two system movement speeds and three variable-rate settings. One variable-rate system is commercially available using pneumatically actuated solenoid valves to turn groups of sprinklers ON and OFF at fractions of a minute corresponding to the cycle rate, for example a 50% cycle rate is 30 s ON and 30 s OFF. The other variable-rate system used commonly available electric solenoid valves to accomplish the same task. Overall, the coefficient of uniformity and low quarter distribution uniformity averaged 93% and 0.90, respectively for the center pivot irrigation system; 84% and 0.74 for the linear move system. The results were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by wind speed, cycling rate, or system movement speed. The type of nozzle did influence the uniformity because of the distinctly different application characteristics of rotator, fixed plate, and wobbling low pressure sprinklers. Thus, the variable-rate technologies tested under the conditions presented in this paper had at least as good uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems when functioning in non-variable-rate mode.Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Florida or the University of Georgia and does not imply approval of a product or exclusion of others that may be suitable.