喷灌施氮管理对春玉米产量及水氮利用的影响

为探究东北半湿润区喷灌水肥一体化条件下春玉米最佳施氮管理模式,于2017年在东北地区开展了不同喷灌施氮管理对春玉米生长、产量及水氮利用效率的田间试验研究.试验设置了3个总施氮量:N200(200 kg/hm²),N160(160 kg/hm²)和N120(120 kg/hm²),其中播种时统一埋施氮肥60 kg/hm²,苗期统一喷施氮肥10 kg/hm²,其余在拔节期和灌浆期按照3种施氮比例T1(1∶0),T2(2∶1)和T3(3∶1)通过水肥一体化喷施施入.结果表明:T1获得了最高的氮肥偏生产力、氮素收获指数和水分利用效率.增加施氮量能够促进产量的增加,但N200和N160的平均产量差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05).所有处理中T1N200的产量最高,为12 489 kg/hm²;T1N160处理的氮收获指数最大,为74.98 kg/kg.施氮量增加,氮肥偏生产力随之降低,0~100 cm土壤内的硝态氮残留量随之增多.T1处理的平均硝态氮残留量最少,降低了氮素淋失的风险.综合考虑,推荐该地区采用总施氮量160~200 kg/hm²,其中播种期施基肥60 kg/hm²,苗期追施10 kg/hm²,其余在拔节期全部追施的施氮管理模式.     

圆形喷灌机注肥泵的设计与试验研究

圆形喷灌机的喷灌施肥一体化作业是国内外精准农业的研究热点,选用工作压力高、流量小且稳定的施肥装置是确保高均匀性喷灌施肥的技术关键.针对圆形喷灌机实际应用和作物施肥特点,设计了一台双缸柱塞式注肥泵,包括液力端、传动端、柱塞、密封及配套动力等,单缸设计流量为150 L/h,最大工作压力为1.0 MPa;对试制样机进行了历时100 h的耐久性试验、20%~100%行程范围的调节试验和30~50 Hz频率范围的变频调节试验.结果表明：研发的柱塞式注肥泵流量随着出口压力的增大而有所减少,但不同出口压力下,流量在100 h内的变异系数均小于5%;改变柱塞行程,泵的实际流量和理论流量几乎一致,两者间的最大差值在行程百分比为60%处,为理论流量值的7.5%;泵的流量随着电源频率的增大呈线性上升关系.试验还表明,改变柱塞行程和电源频率可以调节注肥泵的注肥流量,扩大注肥泵的流量范围.开发的注肥泵适用于圆形喷灌机等灌溉施肥系统,可实现施肥的精准控制.     

联合收割机差速器式原地转向机构设计

为了解决传统联合收割机田间转向时对地表的破坏、减少田间频繁转向时对摩擦片的损耗及缩短田头转向时间,设计了一种通过制动差速器齿轮从而使得动力反转的原地转向机构。分析了系统的工作原理,计算校核了核心部件的强度,针对相关转向性能进行了干沙路面动力学仿真。仿真结果显示该机构可实现3种转向模式:在输出动力侧加载线速度相同时,原地转向模式转过90°用时最短、功耗最高、转矩最大;自由转向模式中进行转向微调时无需使用摩擦片;单边制动转向模式能够进行急转向。所建立的路面模型可以为下一步的田间作业模拟奠定基础。     

Non-negligible factors in low-pressure sprinkler irrigation: droplet impact angle and shear stress

Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy, and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored. In this study, radial distribution of droplet impact angles, velocities, and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler(Nelson D3000, R3000, and Komet KPT) under two operating pressures(103 and 138 ...     

Modified rib pivot lateral thoracotomy: a case series

Objective

To describe a modified rib pivot thoracotomy and its clinical application in client‐owned dogs and cats.

Study design

Case series of 24 dogs and 1 cat requiring a thoracotomy.

Methods

A lateral thoracic incision over the required thoracic segment was made. The latissimus dorsi muscle was reflected dorsally. The predetermined rib was identified and the periosteum overlying the rib was elevated circumferentially, avoiding the intercostal neurovascular structures. Holes were pre‐placed above and below the proposed osteotomy site. The rib was osteotomised and pivoted cranially. The pleura was incised and the required intrathoracic procedure was then performed. The thoracic cavity was closed by pre‐placement of a suture through the pre‐placed holes within the osteotomised rib. The pleura and intercostal musculature were closed, avoiding the intercostal neurovascular structures. The rib was re‐apposed and the lateral approach was closed. The cases included were reviewed for both the rib pivoted as per the procedure required and postoperative complications.

Results

The study group comprised 8 Staffordshire Bull Terriers, 2 Poodles, 2 German Shepherd Dogs, 1 each of Basset Hound, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Golden Retriever, Australian Shepherd, Vizsla, Bull Mastiff, Schnauzer, Jack Russell Terrier, Bulldog, Deerhound, Labrador Retriever and Australian Terrier, and 1 cat. A modified rib pivot thoracotomy was performed for lung lobectomy (n = 11), oesophagectomy (7), subtotal pericardectomy (5), patent ductus arteriosus ligation (1) and thoracic duct ligation (1). Follow‐up ranged from 2 to 40 weeks postoperatively. Postoperative complications included seroma formation in two dogs.

Conclusion

A modified rib pivot thoracotomy should be considered as an alternative lateral thoracic approach with good exposure, minimal complications and low morbidity.     

Effects of water application uniformity using a center pivot on winter wheat yield,water and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

In recent years, the use of fertigation technology with center pivot irrigation systems has increased rapidly in the North China Plain(NCP). The combined effects of water and nitrogen application uniformity on the grain yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) have become a research hotspot. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted during the winter wheat growing season in 2016–2018 to evaluate the water application uniformity of a center pivot with two low pressure sprinklers(the R3000 sprinklers were installed in the first span, the corresponding treatment was RS; the D3000 sprinklers were installed in the second span, the corresponding treatment was DS) and a P85 A impact sprinkler as the end gun(the corresponding treatment was EG), and to analyze its effects on grain yield, WUE and NUE. The results showed that the water application uniformity coefficients of R3000, D3000 and P85 A along the radial direction of the pivot(CU_H) were 87.5, 79.5 and 65%, respectively. While the uniformity coefficients along the traveling direction of the pivot(CU_C) were all higher than 85%. The effects of water application uniformity of the R3000 and D3000 sprinklers on grain yield were not significant(P0.05); however, the average grain yield of EG was significantly lower(P0.05) than those of RS and DS, by 9.4 and 11.1% during two growing seasons, respectively. The coefficients of variation(CV) of the grain yield had a negative correlation with the uniformity coefficient. The CV of WUE was more strongly affected by the water application uniformity, compared with the WUE value, among the three treatments. The NUE of RS was higher than those of DS and EG by about 6.1 and 4.8%, respectively, but there were no significant differences in NUE among the three treatments during the two growing seasons. Although the CU_H of the D3000 sprinklers was lower than that of the R3000, it had only limited effects on the grain yield, WUE and NUE. However, the cost of D3000 sprinklers is lower than that of R3000 sprinklers. Therefore, the D3000 sprinklers are recommended for winter wheat irrigation and fertigation in the NCP.     

168径圆形喷灌系统均匀喷灌的喷头研究

以圆形喷灌机为模型,通过数学计算并结合ANSYS仿真软件,对168径圆形喷灌系统的喷头进行研究.在喷头等间距的情况下,研究了在给定进口压力下,达到均匀灌溉时各喷孔等效半径的大小;研究了在给定等效喷孔大小的条件下,随着进口压力变化喷灌均匀度的变化;研究了在改变第一喷孔大小时,达到均匀灌溉桁架上剩余等效喷孔大小的变化趋势.     

A STUDY OF MOVEMENT LOCUS OF THE INSTANTANEOUS CENTR OF CROSS-SPRING PIVOT

The instantaneous center of the cross-spring pivot is studied in this paper. It is also pointed out in this paper that three different kinds of center(the static geometric center the moving geometric center and the instan-tanaous canter), exist when the cross-spring pivot is deflected. Their relationship is calculated, the variation character of the moving geometric center almost condcides with the curve of S.Hildebrand's experiments.     

圆形喷灌机启闭时段对喷洒化学液均匀性的影响

圆形喷灌机采用比例法喷洒化学液，引用赫尔曼—海恩(Heermann-Hein)公式计算喷洒化学液均匀系数。喷洒化学液开始和结束时，由于配置在输水管上的喷头喷洒化学液的起始时间不同，造成了局部面积内喷洒化学液的不均匀性。该文提出了圆形喷灌机从输水管第一个喷头开始喷洒化学液至最末喷头开始喷洒化学液的间隔时间内，每个喷头喷洒时间的计算公式。计算结果表明当圆形喷灌机输水管布置喷头总数为80～200时，在首末喷头喷出化学液的时间段内，有效喷洒化学液面积约占此时段内总扇形灌溉面积的1/2。为提高喷洒化学液的均匀性，提出了圆形喷灌机喷洒化学液的正确操作步骤。     

Controlling runoff under low pressure center pivot irrigation systems

A research study was conducted in commercial potato production fields irrigated by low pressure center pivot irrigation systems for three growing seasons in southern Idaho, USA. Plots were established to give several replications of both conventional and reservoir tillage under the outermost spans, where the highest application rates occur. The soil was silt loam, and the topography varied from nearly level to 5% slopes. The sprinkler devices included spray nozzles on drops (spraydrops), spray nozzles on booms (spraybooms) and rotator spray nozzles on drops (rotator spraydrops) with an operating pressure of 138 kPa.The purpose of this study was to investigate and assess the role of reservoir tillage on controlling runoff, uniformity of soil water content throughout the field, and crop yield, as compared with conventional tillage. Reservoir tillage effectively reduced runoff losses to less than 1% of the applied water, when the dike were intact and remained stable. Over the three years of this study reservoir tillage increased the average soil water content by 18%. In addition, a statistical analysis showed that reservoir tillage significantly increased the percent available water in the top 65 cm of the root zone (P=0.01). The use of reservoir tillage elevated average yield by 21%, and average percent number one tubers was increased from 64% for conventional plots to 68% for reservoirtilled plots. While reservoir tillage increased the yield significantly (P=0.01), the sprinkler type did not have a significant influence on yield.