大气污染的植物修复研究进展

大气污染是人类面临的严重环境问题之一,植物除了可以监测大气的污染外,在近地表大气污染物的清除中起着重要作用。利用植物净化大气污染物是1种低碳、有效、非破坏型的环境污染修复方式,植物净化污染大气的思想及其技术对城市园林绿化、环境规划和生态环境建设等具有直接的指导意义和应用价值。笔者介绍了大气污染的种类、植物净化大气污染的机理、植物净化大气污染的主要过程,提出了筛选高效净化植物、开发联合修复技术、培育转基因净化植物及合理植物配置等是未来研究的主要方向。     

苎麻修复重金属污染土壤及强化措施研究进展

苎麻生物量大,一年播种多年收获,修复重金属同时具有一定的经济效益,被认为是一种重金属污染土壤的理想修复植物。综述了近年来学者们在苎麻修复重金属方面所取得的研究成果,指出苎麻对多种重金属具有一定的富集作用,对不同种类的重金属离子富集能力有差异,对单一和复合重金属污染土壤均具有一定的修复能力,能作为植物修复中可利用的植物资源。重点对进一步强化苎麻的修复能力的措施作了总结,阐述了影响苎麻富集和 分配重金属过程的5 个因素院品种、土壤改良剂、化学调控、农艺措施及土壤微生物,探讨了苎麻富集和耐受重金属的能力和机理,并就存在的问题提出建议和展望。     

3种植物对三峡库区消落带土壤重金属铜和镉的去除效果

为给三峡库区消落带土壤重金属污染治理提供参考依据,采用盆栽试验探索了狗牙根、百喜草和鸭跖草对库区消落带土壤中Cu和Cd的去除效果.结果表明:鸭跖草对Cu的去除效果最好,狗牙根对Cd的去除效果最好.狗牙根和鸭跖草在移栽10～30 d对Cu的去除效果最好,去除量分别占去除总量的50.8％和57.7％,百喜草在移栽30～50 d对Cu的去除效果最好,去除量占去除总量的74.3％.狗牙根和百喜草在移栽30～50 d对Cd的去除效果最好,去除量分别占去除总量的43.2％和68％,鸭跖草对Cd几乎无去除作用.     

Accumulation of Phosphorus and Arsenic in Two Perennial Grasses for Soil Remediation

Rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides Sw.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were assessed for potential for phytoremediation of arsenic (As) in a soil-based medium amended with phosphorus (P) in a greenhouse experiment. Arsenic was added at 30 mg kg^?1, and P concentrations ranged from 0 to 120 mg kg^?1. Plants were grown for 8 weeks. Rice cutgrass accumulated greater concentration and total amount of As in shoots or roots than fescue. Only the first increment of P fertilization increased As in shoots above that which accumulated without P fertilization. Phosphorus fertilization did not stimulate growth of either species. Most of the As remained in the roots of either species. Plant–soil accumulation ratios suggest that rice cutgrass has more potential in phytoremediation than fescue. Above a minimal amount, P fertilization did not enhance As accumulation in shoots and may not be useful in increasing the potential of either species to remediate soils.     

Microbially Enhanced Phytoextraction of Heavy-Metal Fly-Ash Amended Soil

A study was carried out for the phytoextraction of metals by S. munja with the interventions of growth-promoting bacteria isolated from fly ash (FA). It was observed that when a consortium of Bacillus endophyticus NBRFT4, Paenibacillus macerans NBRFT5, and Bacillus pumilus NBRFT9 was inoculated in the rhizospheric zone of S. munja, it not only enhanced metal uptake through mobilization but also promoted the plant growth. A combined effect of both factors accelerated the phytoextraction of nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) by two- or three-fold. Plant growth and metal bioavailability both were promoted by the synthesis of siderophore (ACC), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid, and cytokinins by bacteria. In addition, bacteria might also change the speciation of metals to make it more water soluble for plant uptake. Hence, a microbe-based phytoextraction of metals from contaminated sites may be recommended for use as an environmentally sound technology in place of conventional methods.     

Phytoremediation of High-Phosphorus Soil by Annual Ryegrass and Common Bermudagrass Harvest

Removal of soil phosphorus (P) in crop harvest is a remediation option for soils high in P. This 4-year field-plot study determined P uptake by annual ryegrass (ARG, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and common bermudagrass (CB, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) from Ruston soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) enriched in P by five previous annual applications of poultry litter, and related P removed to Bray 2 P in surface (0–15 cm) soil. Decreases in surface soil Bray 2 P were largely attributable to uptake. Phosphorus uptake was positively related to Bray 2 P but approached a limit. Mass of P removed in harvest closely approximated the decrease in mass of surface soil Bray 2 P. Maximum Bray 2 P drawdown per harvest (ARG and CB, average) was ?3 mg kg^?1 at Bray 2 P ? 300 mg kg^?1, generally consistent with measured decreases in Bray 2 P.     

Comparative Phytoremediation of Chromium‐Contaminated Soils by Fenugreek,Spinach, and Raya

Abstract

A glasshouse investigation was undertaken to evaluate the natural potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and raya (Brassica campestris L.) for cleanup of chromium (Cr)–contaminated silty loam and sandy soils. Four kilograms of soil per treatment in earthen pots was treated with five levels of chromium [0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg Cr kg^?1 soil through dipotassium chromate (K₂Cr₂O₇], equilibrated for 21 days at field-capacity moisture content, and then fenugreek, spinach, and raya were grown for 60 days after seeding. The concentration of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cr increased significantly with increasing rate of Cr application in both soils, but the increase was higher in sandy soil than in silty loam soil. The DTPA‐extractable Cr in both soils decreased after harvesting of crops compared to its concentration in soil before sowing of the crops. The decrease in DTPA‐extractable Cr concentration was highest in soil growing raya and least in the fenugreek‐growing soil. The percent reduction in dry‐matter yield (DMY) with increasing levels of added Cr in comparison to the zero‐Cr control was highest for fenugreek (49 and 52%) followed by spinach (36 and 42%) and lowest for raya (29 and 34%) in silty loam soil and sandy soil, respectively. Also, the percent reduction in mean shoot yield of all crops was higher in sandy soil (41%) compared to silty loam soil (36%), when the rate of applied Cr was increased from 0 to 10 mg Cr kg^?1 soil. The DMY of both shoot and root was highest for raya and lowest for fenugreek. The Cr concentration in fenugreek, spinach, and raya increased with increasing level of added Cr in both soils. The concentration of Cr in both shoot and root was highest in raya, followed by spinach and fenugreek. The overall mean uptake of Cr in shoot was almost four times and in root was about two times higher in raya compared to fenugreek. The findings indicated that family Cruciferae (raya) was most tolerant to Cr toxicity, followed by chenopodiacea (spinach) and Leguminosae (fenugreek). Because raya removed the highest amount of Cr from soil, it could be used for pytoremediation of mildly Cr‐contaminated soils.     

The effects of arsenic on the growth and nutritional status of Anadenanthera peregrina,a Brazilian savanna tree

Anadenanthera peregrina is a Brazilian savanna tree species that occurs naturally in arsenic (As)‐contaminated areas, and its As resistance has been associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal–fungi (AMF) symbiosis. A plant's ability to survive in stressful environments is correlated with its nutrition status, which can be affected by As uptake. The present study evaluated the influence of As on the concentrations and distribution of nutrients in the roots and shoots of A. peregrina grown in the absence of AMF. These plants were grown in substrates spiked with 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg As kg^–1 for 25 d under greenhouse conditions, and the concentrations of essential macro‐ (P, K, Ca, Mg, N, and S) and micro‐ (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, and Mo) nutrients in the roots and shoots were then determined. Enhanced As levels increased the concentrations of P, S, and N and decreased Ca, Mg, and Fe. Although the deleterious effects of As on the plants were striking, the internal As levels were high, which indicated some tissue tolerance of A. peregrina.     

再力花对河涌底泥中多溴联苯醚的去除

选用河涌常见植物——再力花对河涌底泥中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)进行原位生物修复研究,通过室内盆栽实验,考察了植物在修复过程中的作用、修复过程中多溴联苯醚种类和含量的变化以及底泥微生物活性对PBDEs去除的影响。结果表明,再力花可以有效提高底泥中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的去除率,历经390 d,空白组BDE-209含量由1.33 mg·kg-1降至1.13 mg·kg-1,处理组则降至0.97 mg·kg-1,去除率由15%提高到27%。使用GC-MS对BDE-209降解产物进行检测分析,结果表明再力花对底泥中BDE-209降解过程中会产生BDE-207、BDE-206等三溴-九溴联苯醚产物。对底泥中的微生物活性和去除率结果分析表明,植物的种植可以提高底泥中微生物的活性,进而提高BDE-209的去除率。     

土壤重金属污染植物组合修复技术的应用*

 阐述了植物组合修复技术的概念、优点、类型及其在土壤重金属污染修复中的应用前景。