土壤铅镉污染修复中植物修复技术的研究进展

近年来,由于工业"三废"治理不彻底、化肥农药的过量使用以及剩余污泥回用农田等原因,导致我国土壤重金属污染日趋严重。重金属无法被降解,易在土壤中累积,并通过生物富集和生物放大效应对环境和人类健康造成危害。土壤重金属污染修复与治理成为研究热点。重金属污染治理包括客土法、石灰改良法、化学淋洗法、植物修复等,这些方法各具特点,均有其适用范围,得到国内外学者的普遍关注。文章针对土壤铅镉污染的植物修复技术展开综述,并对可能影响植物修复的一些因素进行了介绍,最后对本领域的研究方向进行了展望,以期为同行业的从业者提供一定的借鉴。     

易降解有机物及其施加方式对高粱吸收镉的影响

为探明易降解有机物及其施用方式对高粱吸收镉的强化效应,通过盆栽试验探讨了2 mmol·kg~(-1)草酸(OA)、2 mmol·kg~(-1)柠檬酸(CA)和1 g·kg~(-1)水溶性有机肥(DOF)分次(1～4次)施加对土壤中镉(Cd)的活性、高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)生长及对Cd吸收的影响。结果表明:施加OA、CA和DOF提高了土壤中Cd的活性,且OA、CA分4次施加和DOF 1次施加时,土壤中DTPA-Cd含量最高,分别比CK显著增加了11%、30%和29%;OA、CA和DOF 1次施加对高粱生物量无显著影响,分2次施加则显著抑制了高粱生长,其中DOF处理的生物量较CK下降38%;OA、CA和DOF分2～3次施加促进了高粱对Cd的吸收,高粱根部、地上部中的Cd含量及富集系数显著高于CK;OA、CA分3次施加和DOF 1次施加时,高粱地上部分Cd积累量分别比CK显著增加了17%、30%和31%。总体来看,分3次施加CA对土壤Cd活化及高粱吸收Cd的效果最好。     

三聚磷酸钠与柠檬酸复合强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤

为研究化学活化剂三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用对蜈蚣草萃取砷效率的影响,通过模拟实验,在含砷57.7 mg·kg^-1的水稻土中,探究了单一活化剂（三聚磷酸钠0.75 g·kg^-1土,柠檬酸0.75 g·kg^-1土）和三聚磷酸钠与柠檬酸配合施用（三聚磷酸钠：柠檬酸=0.375 g·kg^-1土：0.375 g·kg^-1土）对土壤有效态砷含量变化的影响;采用盆栽实验,探究了三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用（三聚磷酸钠：柠檬酸=0.187 5 g·kg^-1土：0.187 5 g·kg^-1土）对蜈蚣草地上部萃取土壤砷的影响。模拟实验结果表明,与单一活化剂相比,三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用对土壤砷的活化效果更显著。盆栽实验结果表明：与对照组相比,三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸配合施用可使蜈蚣草羽叶干质量提高21.8%以上,砷萃取总量提高40.4%以上;根际土总砷含量下降,土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性显著增加。研究表明在砷污染土壤施加三聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸,由于其提高了蜈蚣草植物干质量和土壤有效态砷含量,羽叶萃取砷效率明显提高。     

Lantana camara——an Ecological Bioindicator Plant for Decontamination of Pb-Impaired Soil Under Organic Waste-Supplemented Scenarios

Heavy metal extraction and processing from ores releases elements into the environment. Soil, being an "unfortunate" sink, has its bionomics impaired and affected by metal pollution. Metals sneak into the food chain and pose risk to humans and other edaphicdependent organisms. For decontamination, the use of an ecosystem-friendly approach involving plants is known as phytoremediation.In this study, different lead(Pb) concentrations(80, 40, 20, and 10 mg kg~(-1)) were used to contaminate a well-characterized soil,(un)supplemented with organic waste empty fruit bunch(EFB) or spent mushroom compost(SMC), with non-edible plant—Lantana camara. Lead removal by L. camara ranged from 45.51% to 88.03% for supplemented soil, and from 23.7% to 57.8% for unsupplemented soil(P 0.05). The EFB-supplemented and L. camara-remediated soil showed the highest counts of heavy metal-resistant bacteria(HMRB)(79.67 × 10~6–56.0 × 10~6 colony forming units(CFU) g~(-1) soil), followed by SMC-supplemented and L. camara-remediated soil(63.33 × 10~6–39.0 × 10~6 CFU g~(-1) soil). Aerial metal uptake ranged from 32.08 ± 0.8 to 5.03 ± 0.08 mg kg~(-1) dry weight, and the bioaccumulation factor ranged from 0.401 to 0.643(P 0.05). Half-lives(t_(1/2)) of Pb were 7.24–2.26 d in supplemented soil,18.39–11.83 d in unsupplemented soil, and 123.75–38.72 d in the soil without plants and organic waste. Freundlich isotherms showed that the intensity of metal absorption(n) ranged from 2.44 to 2.51 for supplemented soil, with regression coefficients of determination(R~2) between 0.901 2 and 0.984 0. The computed free-energy change(?G) for Pb absorption ranged from -5.01 to 0.49 kJ mol~(-1) K~(-1) for EFB-supplemented soil and -3.93 to 0.49 k J mol~(-1) K~(-1) for SMC-supplemented soil.     

Intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants decreases the cadmium accumulation in grape seedlings

In this experiment, four cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator species (Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga parviflora, Sigesbeckia orientalis, and Solanum nigrum) were intercropped with grape (Vitis vinifera) cuttings together in Cd-containated soil to study the effects of intercropping with the Cd-hyperaccumulator plants on growth and Cd accumulation of grape seedlings. Compared with the monoculture, intercropping with S. nigrum increased the biomass of grape seedlings, but intercropping with the other three hyperaccumulator species decreased the grape seedling biomass. Intercropping with S. nigrum increased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll contents in leaves of grape seedlings compared with the monoculture, whereas intercropping with the other three hyperaccumulator species showed either a decrease or no effect. Intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants had no significant effects on chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents in leaves of grape seedlings compared with the monoculture. Compared with the monoculture, intercropping with C. crepidioides, G. parviflora, S. nigrum and S. orientalis significantly decreased Cd contents in shoots of grape seedlings by 78.7%, 12.7%, 29.8% and 26.5%, respectively. Therefore, intercropping with hyperaccumulator plants can decrease Cd accumulation in grape, and intercropping with S. nigrum can also promote grape seedling growth.     

不同氮素水平对重金属胁迫下紫茎泽兰生长及重金属吸收的影响

以紫茎泽兰为对象,采用水培法研究无氮、低氮、中氮、高氮4个氮素水平对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd等4种重金属胁迫条件下紫茎泽兰生长和重金属吸收的影响。结果表明:低氮水平下,紫茎泽兰多数生长参数显著高于其他试验组;中氮水平下,紫茎泽兰POD、CAT、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯胺酸和叶绿素含量显著较高。低氮水平有利于紫茎泽兰根、茎和叶器官对Pb、Zn和Cd的吸收,试验组紫茎泽兰根器官中Pb、Zn和Cd累积量显著高于茎和叶。说明紫茎泽兰对重金属胁迫具有一定的抗逆性,低氮、中氮水平提高了紫茎泽兰对重金属的耐受性和吸收能力。可考虑将紫茎泽兰用于重金属污染的生态修复。     

植物修复技术与农业生物环境工程

介绍了植物修复技术的概念、内涵、研究方法等,探讨了植物修复技术的优缺点和控制因素,指出农业生物环境工程手段的引进将有可能大幅度提高植物修复污染土壤的相对效率。     

菊花新品系对气态复合苯—甲苯去除效果测试

采用动态熏蒸方式,选取更为接近实际环境的复合污染模式,在国内首次对菊花新品系进行苯-甲苯去除效果测试。结果表明:品系间对苯或甲苯的去除效果差异显著。虽然所测试的大多数菊花新品系对甲苯的去除效果更好,但是9个菊花新品系对苯和甲苯没有表现出明显的选择性去除机制。熏蒸6 h,品系2、4、5、9对苯和甲苯的去除率都在30%以上,而品系7对甲苯的去除率由熏蒸3 h的13%降至熏蒸6 h的0。从累计去除量的角度考虑,品系2、4、5、8、9对苯-甲苯的去除效果较好,可考虑做进一步的实际环境应用测试。     

碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水的修复效果

[目的]利用碱蓬浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水进行修复,为治理严重的海洋环境问题提供新的方法。[方法]通过设计一种兼具物理、化学、生物协同作用的新型组合式碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)浮床,研究其对富营养化海水养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的去除效果,并与传统浮床进行对比。[结果]组合式浮床对TN,NH_4~+-N,TP,COD_(Mn)的去除率分别为62.14%,93.94%,73.05%和60.91%,较传统浮床去除率分别提高了27.36%,21.27%,19.51%,12.43%。[结论]组合式浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水具有明显的修复能力。     

Remediation of Fly Ash Dumpsites Through Bioenergy Crop Plantation and Generation: A Review

Utilization of fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants, is a sustainable use of waste for power generation. Discarding fly ash as waste in landfills/ash ponds may not only be regarded as a loss of valuable land and essential nutrients, but also pose a significant health hazard due to fine air-borne particles and leaching of heavy metals. The presence of essential macro- and micronutrients and its porosity make fly ash an excellent soil amendment for plant growth as an organic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) supplementation. As harmful heavy metals make fly ash unsafe for agronomy, bioenergy crop plantation and energy generation from different thermochemical conversions of the biomass would be an ideal method for coal fly ash utilization through which carbon-neutral fuel can be generated from fossil fuel, thus reducing climate change impact. This review summarizes the development of bioenergy plantation and silviculture at fly ash dumpsites with an integrated phyto-bio-rhizo-mycoremediation approach and assesses utilization of the valuable biomass for thermal energy, electricity, and biofuel generation with inclusion of a SWOT analysis (a strategic technique typically used to help identify the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threat). Bioenergy crop production through integrated phytomanagement can generate billions of dollars of wealth from waste and provides a sustainable solution for fly ash management, with environmental, economic, and social benefits.